Analisa potensi dan hambatan penerapan solar photovoltaic terhadap program net-zero emission di Indonesia
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Abstract
The Climate Summit in Paris in 2015 called for a net-zero emission target by 2050. With many various potentials, Indonesia should be able to lead the solar energy development in the Southeast Asia region by decarbonizing the electricity system, however, Indonesia is lagging compared to other countries. Therefore, this research was conducted to find potentials and barriers, understand the causes of lagging, and explore methods that support the growth of Solar PV in Indonesia. Methodologically, this research is field research with qualitative methods. As a result of the SWOT Analysis, participant observation, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews, can be concluded that Indonesia has a large potential for solar resources and a large area of land to potentially collaborate with other countries through the grid interconnection network. While the barriers to the implementation of Solar PV in Indonesia are less tech and equipment savvy, and less demand due to stereotypes of lack of understanding, limited financing, unsystematic incentive policies, low-priced fossil fuels, and the impact of Covid19. The application of Solar PV in Indonesia is lagging compared to other countries due to various causes which are classified into four categories: social, economic, technological, and regulatory barriers. Hence, methods to support the application of solar panels in Indonesia are raising public awareness of sustainable development, implementing strong and systematic incentive policies, cultivating Solar PV technology, and seeking opportunities through international cooperation.
Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Iklim di Paris pada 2015 mewajibkan pencapaian net-zero emission pada tahun 2050. Dengan berbagai potensi yang dimiliki, Indonesia seharusnya dapat memimpin pengembangan energi surya di kawasan Asia Tenggara untuk melakukan dikarbonisasi sistem kelistrikan, namun Indonesia justru tertinggal dibandingkan dengan negara lain. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena keinginan untuk menemukan potensi dan hambatan, memahami penyebab tertinggalnya, dan mengeksplorasi langkah-langkah yang mendukung penerapan Solar PV di Indonesia. Secara metodologis, penelitian ini termasuk dalam lingkup penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan metode kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian dengan analisa SWOT, partisipasi berperan serta kelompok diskusi terarah dan wawancara mendalam, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki potensi sumber daya matahari yang besar dan lahan yang luas sehingga bisa memanfaatkan potensi yang dimiliki dengan bekerja sama dengan negara lain melalui jaringan interkoneksi grid. Sedangkan, hambatan penerapan Solar PV di Indonesia adalah kurangnya penguasaan teknologi dan peralatan utama, stereotip kurang paham sehingga permintaan masih kecil, pendanaan yang terbatas, kebijakan insentif yang tidak sistematis, dominasi bahan bakar fosil dengan harga murah serta dampak Covid-19 masih dirasakan. Penerapan Solar PV di Indonesia tertinggal dibandingkan dengan negara lain karena berbagai penyebab yang diklasifikasikan oleh peneliti menjadi 4 kategori, yaitu hambatan sosial, ekonomi, teknologi, dan peraturan. Langkah-langkah untuk mendukung penerapan solar panel di Indonesia adalah membangkitkan kesadaran masyarakat akan pembangunan berkelanjutan, implementasi kebijakan insentif yang kuat dan sistematis, menumbuhkan teknologi Solar PV, dan mencari peluang melalui kerja sama internasional.
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