EXPLORING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION IN WOMEN CULINARY ENTREPRENEURS IN JAKARTA: THE INTERPLAY OF GENDER STEREOTYPES, SOCIAL SUPPORT, CULTURE, AND SELF-EFFICACY
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Secara global, kewirausahaan dianggap sebagai kunci dari perkembangan ekonomi dan sosial yang menghasilkan inovasi, kompetisi, penciptaan lapangan kerja, dan pemenuhan diri. Di Indonesia, kewirausahaan dianggap sangat penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional. Wanita mendominasi usaha mikro di Indonesia, dengan 52% dari usaha tersebut dikelola oleh wanita. Namun, partisipasi wanita masih rendah di bidang usaha menengah, hanya di angka 34% dari total usaha menengah. Bisnis yang dijalankan wanita di Indonesia cenderung masih dalam skala kecil dan bersifat informal. Penurunan intensi berwirausaha wanita mungkin menjadi alasan mengapa tingkat partisipasi wanita di bidang usaha menengah masih sangat rendah. Di Indonesia sendiri, beberapa alasan utama penurunan intensi berwirausaha wanita Indonesia adalah adanya stereotip jender, kurangnya dukungan sosial dan efikasi diri, serta perbedaan budaya. Penelitian ini ditujukan pada wanita pemilik usaha kuliner mikro dan kecil di Jakarta untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi intensi berwirausaha wanita. Sampel sebanyak 240 wanita dipilih dengan menggunakan metode nonprobability sampling dengan teknik purposive sampling. Dengan menggunakan analisis PLS diperoleh hasil bahwa persepsi stereotip jender, dukungan sosial yang dirasakan, dan aspek budaya uncertainty avoidance dapat memengaruhi intensi berwirausaha wanita, sementara aspek budaya lain memiliki pengaruh yang tidak signifikan terhadap intensi berwirausaha wanita. Efikasi diri memiliki peran moderasi yang signifikan dalam hubungan persepsi stereotip jender dan dukungan sosial yang dirasakan dengan intensi berwirausaha wanita. Dukungan sosial yang dirasakan tidak memiliki moderasi yang signifikan terhadap hubungan antara budaya dengan intensi berwirausaha wanita. Wanita diharapkan mencari dukungan sosial karena hal tersebut akan meningkatkan efikasi diri dan intensi berwirausaha.
Entrepreneurship is globally recognized as a key driver of economic and social development, fostering innovation, competition, job creation, and overall well-being. In Indonesia, entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in supporting national economic growth. Women dominate the micro-business sector in Indonesia, accounting for approximately 52% of enterprises at this level. However, their participation in the medium-sized business sector remains relatively low, representing only 34% of total medium enterprises. Women-led businesses in Indonesia are generally small-scale and informal in nature. The limited entrepreneurial intention among women may partly explain their low participation in medium-sized enterprises. In the Indonesian context, several factors contribute to the decline in women’s entrepreneurial intention, including gender stereotypes, lack of social support, low self-efficacy, and cultural constraints. This study focuses on women entrepreneurs who own micro and small culinary enterprises in Jakarta, with the aim of identifying factors that influence their entrepreneurial intentions. A total of 240 women were selected using a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique. Employing Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis, the findings reveal that perceived gender stereotypes, perceived social support, and the cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance significantly predict women’s entrepreneurial intentions. Conversely, other cultural dimensions were found to have no significant effect. Furthermore, self-efficacy plays a significant moderating role in the relationships between perceived gender stereotypes, perceived social support, and entrepreneurial intention. However, perceived social support does not significantly moderate the relationship between cultural factors and entrepreneurial intention. The results suggest that women are encouraged to actively seek social support, as it enhances self-efficacy and, in turn, strengthens entrepreneurial intention.
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