HUBUNGAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH, LINGKAR PINGGANG DAN RASIO LINGKAR PINGGANG TINGGI BADAN DENGAN KADAR GULA DARAH PENGEMUDI BUS ANTAR KOTA
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycaemia) due to insufficient production of insulin or the condition where the body cannot use insulin effectively. The condition of chronic hyperglycaemia relates to the damage, dysfunction and failure of organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. Diabetes Mellitus and its complications can affect the ability to drive. The prevalence of hyperglycaemia among bus drivers is 52,1%. Body mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and the ratio of waist circumference to height are often associated with the occurrence of type 2 Diabetes, but the results are still heavily influenced by many factors such as ethnicity and gender. This research aims to observe the association of BMI, waist circumference and waist circumference to height ratio to diabetes mellitus among inter-city bus drivers. This is an analytical research with cross-sectional design involving 176 subjects. Fifty four percent subjects were obese, 53.4% of subjects have a waist circumference above 90 cm, 71.6% of subjects with a waist-to-height ratio of over 0.5. The association between BMI and fasting blood sugar was significant (p = 0,035), and also between the waist circumference and fasting blood sugar (p = 0,009). There is no statistically significant association between the ratio of waist circumference to height and fasting blood sugar level (P = 0,274). As Conclusion, The BMI and waist circumference can be used as indicators to the risk of diabetes among bus drivers.
Keywords diabetes mellitus, body mass index, waist circumference, waist circumference to height ration, bus driver
ABSTRAK
Diabetes mellitus (DM) merupakan suatu penyakit metabolik yang ditandai oleh peningkatan kadar gula darah (hiperglikemia) akibat produksi insulin yang tidak mencukupi atau keadaan dimana tubuh tidak dapat menggunakan insulin dengan efektif. Kondisi hiperglikemia kronik berhubungan dengan kerusakan, disfungsi, dan kegagalan dari organ-organ seperti mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh darah. Diabetes melitus dan komplikasinya dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan mengemudi. Prevalensi hiperglikemia di kalangan pengendara bus sebesar 52,1%. Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT), lingkar pinggang (LP) dan Rasio lingkar pinggang terhadap tinggi badan sering dihubungkan dengan kejadian Diabetes tipe 2, namun hasilnya masih banyak dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor seperti etnis dan jenis kelamin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana hubungan IMT, lingkar pinggang dan rasio lingkar pinggang terhadap tinggi badan dengan diabetes melitus pada pengemudi bus antar kota. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan desain potong lintang yang melibatkan 176 subjek. Didapatkan 54% subjek dengan status gizi obese, 53,4% subjek dengan lingkar pinggang di atas 90 cm, 71,6% subjek dengan rasio lingkar pinggang terhadap tinggi badan di atas 0,5. Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara indeks massa tubuh dengan kadar gula darah puasa (p=0,035), antara lingkar pinggang dengan kadar gula darah puasa (p=0,009). Tidak didapatkan hubungan bermakna secara statistik antara rasio lingkar pinggang terhadap tinggi badan dengan kadar gula darah puasa (p=0,274). Sebagai kesimpulan, IMT dan Lingkar pinggang dapat digunakan sebagai parameter terhadap risiko timbulnya diabetes pada pengemudi.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors transfer copyright or assign exclusive rights to the publisher (including commercial rights)
References
Agardh, E. E., Sidorchuk, A., Hallqvist, J., Ljung, R., Peterson, S., Moradi, T., & Allebeck, P. (2011). Burden of type 2 diabetes attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden. Population Health Metrics, 9(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-9-60
Agrawal, N., Kumar Agrawal, M., Kumari, T., & Kumar, S. (2017). Correlation between Body Mass Index and Blood Glucose Levels in Jharkhand Population. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research ISSN (Online, 83(8), 2393–2915. Retrieved from www.ijcmr.com
Akter, S., Goto, A., & Mizoue, T. (2017). Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology, 27(12), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017
Ashwell, M. (2011). Charts Based on Body Mass Index and Waist-to-Height Ratio to Assess the Health Risks of Obesity: A Review. The Open Obesity Journal, 3(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876823701103010078
Attvall, S., Fowelin, J., Lager, I., Von Schenck, H., & Smith, U. (1993). Smoking induces insulin resistance--a potential link with the insulin resistance syndrome. Journal of Internal Medicine, 233(4), 327–332. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8463765
Balsam, M. N.-Z., Aniza, A. A., Mohd Rusli, A., & Norhayati, M. N. (2012). Waist Height Ratio Compared to Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Relation to Glycemic Control in Malay Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, 4(4), 406–415. Retrieved from http://www.iomcworld.com/ijcrimph/files/v04-n04-17.pdf
Bambrick, H. J. (2005). Relationships between BMI, waist circumference, hypertension and fasting glucose: Rethinking risk factors in indigenous diabetes. Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin, 5(4), 1–16.
Bays, H. E., Chapman, R. H., & Grandy, S. (2007). The relationship of body mass index to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: Comparison of data from two national surveys. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61(5), 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01336.x
Browning, L. M., Hsieh, S. D., & Ashwell, M. (2010). A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 05 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutrition Research Reviews, 23(2), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000144
Buchholz, A. C., & Bugaresti, J. M. (2005). A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 43(9), 513–518. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101744
Carrero, J. J., & Avesani, C. M. (2015). Pros and Cons of Body Mass Index as a Nutritional and Risk Assessment Tool in Dialysis Patients. Seminars in Dialysis, 28(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12287
Chen, L., Pei, J. H., Kuang, J., Chen, H. M., Chen, Z., Li, Z. W., & Yang, H. Z. (2015). Effect of lifestyle intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 64(2), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.018
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., … Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 39(11), 2065–2079. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1728
Dam, R. M. Van, Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2006). Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 29(2), 398–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh123
Eliasson, B., Mero, N., Taskinen, M. R., & Smith, U. (1997). The insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokers. Atherosclerosis, 129(1), 79–88. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9069521
Facchini, F. S., Hollenbeck, C. B., Jeppesen, J., Chen, Y. D., & Reaven, G. M. (1992). Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. Lancet (London, England), 339(8802), 1128–1130. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1349365
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., … Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
Heckman, M. A., Weil, J., & de Mejia, E. G. (2010). Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) in Foods: A Comprehensive Review on Consumption, Functionality, Safety, and Regulatory Matters. Journal of Food Science, 75(3), R77–R87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x
Hirata, R. P., Sampaio, L. M. M., Leitão Filho, F. S. S., Braghiroli, A., Balbi, B., Romano, S., … Oliveira, L. V. F. de. (2012). General Characteristics and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease among Interstate Bus Drivers. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/216702
Izadi, N., Malek, M., Aminian, O., & Saraei, M. (2013). Medical risk factors of diabetes mellitus among professional drivers. 12, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-12-23
Kim, C. H. (2016). Measurements of adiposity and body composition. The Korean Journal of Obesity, 25(3), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof
Kim, D., Kim, J., & Jeong, H. (2017). Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio as a predictors of abdominal fat distribution in male examinees from the health promotion center. 7(4), 596–599.
Koch, E., Romero, T., Romero, C. X., Aguilera, H., Paredes, M., Vargas, M., & Ahumada, C. (2010). Early Life and Adult Socioeconomic Influences on Mortality Risk: Preliminary Report of a ‘Pauper Rich’ Paradox in a Chilean Adult Cohort. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(6), 487–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.03.009
Kodama, S., Horikawa, C., Fujihara, K., Heianza, Y., Hirasawa, R., Yachi, Y., … Sone, H. (2012). Comparisons of the strength of associations with future type 2 diabetes risk among anthropometric obesity indicators, including waist-to-height ratio: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 176(11), 959–969. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws172
Lakshman, A., Manikath, N., Rahim, A., & Anilakumari, V. P. (2014). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension among Male Occupational Bus Drivers in North Kerala, South India: A Cross-Sectional Study. ISRN Preventive Medicine, 2014, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/318532
Lam, B. C. C., Koh, G. C. H., Chen, C., Wong, M. T. K., & Fallows, S. J. (2015). Comparison of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-To-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore. PLoS ONE, 10(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122985
Lin, X., Zhang, X., Guo, J., Roberts, C. K., McKenzie, S., Wu, W. C., … Song, Y. (2015). Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 4(7), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002014
Mansour, A. A., & Al-Jazairi, M. I. (2007). Predictors of incident diabetes mellitus in Basrah, Iraq. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 51(3), 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1159/000105449
Mansur, A. de P., Rocha, M. A., Leyton, V., Takada, J. Y., Avakian, S. D.,
Santos, A. J., … Rohlfs, W. J. C. (2015). Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Syndrome and Sleepiness in Truck Drivers. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 560–565. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150132
Mirzaei, M., & Khajeh, M. (2018). Comparison of anthropometric indices (body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio) in predicting risk of type II diabetes in the population of Yazd, Iran. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 12(5), 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.04.026
Mohebbi, I., Matinkhah, M., Nabizadeh, F., Blouri, A., Saba, A. L. I., & Shirazi, A. (2010). The Metabolic Syndrome and its Association with Over Time Driving in Iranian Professional Bus Drivers. 2(1), 37–41.
Moreno, C. R. C., Louzada, F. M., Teixeira, L. R., Borges, F., & Lorenzi-Filho, G. (2006). Short sleep is associated with obesity among truck drivers. Chronobiology International, 23(6), 1295–1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520601089521
Morriison, S., Colberg, M., Mariano, M., Parson, H. K., & Vinik, A. I. (2010). Balance training reduces falls risk in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(4), 748–750. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1699
Müller, M. J., Braun, W., Enderle, J., & Bosy-Westphal, A. (2016). Beyond BMI: Conceptual Issues Related to Overweight and Obese Patients. Obesity Facts, 9(3), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445380
Picone, G., Gray, N., Sloan, F., & Yashkin, A. (2015). The relationship between BMI and onset of diabetes mellitus and its complications. South Med J, 108(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000214.The
Qiao, Q., & Nyamdorj, R. (2010). Is the association of type II diabetes with waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio stronger than that with body mass index. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.93
Rimm, E. B., Chan, J., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (1995). Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 310(6979), 555–559. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7888928
Saberi, H. R., Moravveji, A. R., Fakharian, E., Kashani, M. M., & Dehdashti, A. R. (2011). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in bus and truck drivers in Kashan, Iran. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome, 3(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-3-8
Sacerdote, C., Ricceri, F., Rolandsson, O., Baldi, I., Chirlaque, M.-D., Feskens, E., … Wareham, N. (2012). Lower educational level is a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes in European countries: The EPIC-InterAct study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(4), 1162–1173. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys091
Siddiqui, A. A., Siddiqui, S. A., Ahmad, S., Siddiqui, S., Ahsan, I., & Sahu, K. (2013). Diabetes: Mechanism, Pathophysiology and Management-A Review. International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 5(2), 1–23. Retrieved from http://www.ijddr.in/drug-development/diabetes-mechanism-pathophysiology-and-managementa-review.pdf
Siu, S. C., Wong, K. W., Lee, K. F., Lo, Y. Y. C., Wong, C. K. H., Chan, A. K. L., … Lam, C. L. K. (2012). Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kong professional drivers. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 96(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.12.002
Sluik, D., Buijsse, B., Muckelbauer, R., Kaaks, R., Teucher, B., Johnsen, N. F., … Nöthlings, U. (2012). Physical activity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus: A prospective study and meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(17), 1285–1295. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3130
Smolensky, M. H., Di Milia, L., Ohayon, M. M., & Philip, P. (2011). Sleep disorders, medical conditions, and road accident risk. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(2), 533–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.004
Snowling, N. J., & Hopkins, W. G. (2006). Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 29(11), 2518–2527. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1317
Suastika, K., Dwipayana, P., Semadi, M. S., & Kuswardhani, R. T. (2018). Age is an Important Risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases. In Glucose Tolerance (Vol. 2, pp. 67–80). https://doi.org/10.5772/32009
Vazquez, G., Duval, S., Jacobs, D. R., & Silventoinen, K. (n.d.). Comparison of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist/Hip Ratio in Predicting Incident Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm008
Wei, M., Gaskill, S., Haffner, S., & Stern, M. (1997). Waist Circumference as the Best Predictor of Noninsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) Compared to Body Mass Index, Waist/hip Ratio and Other. Obesity Research, 5(1). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00278.x/abstract
Will, J. C., Galuska, D. A., Ford, E. S., Mokdad, A., & Calle, E. E. (2001). Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(3), 540–546. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11416080
Wimalawansa, S. J., & Johnson, R. W. (2013). Visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic risks: epidemic of abdominal obesity in North America. Research and Reports in Endocrine Disorders, 3(February), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S32041
World Health Organization. (2016). Global Report on Diabetes. In World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/about/licensing/
Zhao, X., Zhu, X., Zhang, H., Zhao, W., Li, J., Shu, Y., … Li, Y. (2012). Prevalence of diabetes and predictions of its risks using anthropometric measures in southwest rural areas of China. BMC Public Health, 12, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-821