STRATEGI KOPING PENCARI NAFKAH BERPENDAPATAN RENDAH AKIBAT KRISIS MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Selama pandemi Covid-19, sekitar 70 persen orang berpendapatan rendah mengalami penurunan penghasilan yang sangat besar termasuk yang tinggal di perkotaan dan memiliki tanggungan dengan pola konsumsi yang berubah yakni biaya pembayaran produk makanan, kesehatan dan komunikasi (internet, pulsa, paket data) yang meningkat tajam sedangkan beralih pekerjaan sangat sulit dilakukan karena keterbatasan pekerjaan disebabkan kelesuan dunia usaha. Penelitian deskriptif-korelasional ini dimaksudkan untuk mengungkap tegangan psikologis dan strategi koping pekerja berusia muda khususnya pencari nafkah berpendapatan rendah yang memiliki tanggungan. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner daring via aplikasi Google berupa skala psikologis, pertanyaan-pertanyaan demografik dan satu pertanyaan terbuka. Dari hasil analisis data diketahui bahwa secara umum stres (perceived stress) pada partisipan tergolong tinggi, dengan preferensi koping task-focused coping merupakan yang tertinggi. Adapun respon dominan pada pertanyaan terbuka mengungkapkan setidaknya 6 cara mengatasi kesulitan keuangan selama masa krisis. Hasil penelitian ini dan keterbatasannya dibahas dalam kerangka implikasi praktis dan teoritis, khususnya dalam perspektif Teori Koping dalam konteks krisis finansial dalam situasi pandemik.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.References
Abdulghani, H. M., Sattar, K., Ahmad, T., & Akram, A. (2022). Association of COVID-19 pandemic with undergraduate medical students’ perceived stress and coping. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 871–881. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S276938
Adikara, B. (2020, October 12). Sepi Order di Masa Pandemi, Dua Penjahit Nekad Jadi Penjahat. Jawapos.Com. https://www.jawapos.com/jabodetabek/01293015/sepi-order-di-masa-pandemi-dua-penjahit-nekad-jadi-penjahat
Ahmadi, A., Allahverdipour, H., Valiee, S., Pashazadeh, F., & Ghassab-abdollahi, N. (2023). COVID-19 stress and coping strategies among older adults: a systematic review of qualitative evidences. BMC Psychology, 11(333), 1–12.
Ahmed, F., & Sifat, R. I. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the mental health of the Rickshaw-Puller in Bangladesh. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(8), 782–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1852823
Aida, N. R., & Hardiyanto, S. (2020, March 22). Update, Berikut 15 Negara yang Berlakukan Lockdown akibat Virus Corona. Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/03/22/183000465/update-berikut-15-negara-yang-berlakukan-lockdown-akibat-virus-corona?page=all
Alawi, M. Al, & Belarminus, R. (2020, September 1). Cerita Pasutri Sukses Usaha Sewa Sepeda Saat Pandemi Covid-19, Untung Rp 5 Juta Per Bulan. Kompas.Com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/09/01/11003921/cerita-pasutri-sukses-usaha-sewa-sepeda-saat-pandemi-covid-19-untung-rp-5?page=all
Ali, M., Uddin, Z., & Hossain, A. (2021). Economic stressors and mental health symptoms among Bangladeshi rehabilitation professionals: A cross-sectional study amid COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 7(4), e06715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06715
Alsolami, F. J., Ramaiah, P., Tayyib, N. A., Alshmemri, M. S., Alsulami, S. A., Lindsay, G., & Asfour, H. I. (2021). Healthcare Professionals (Nurses ’) Perceived Stress and Coping:
Amid COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(18), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2021/v33i1831314
Awoke, M., Mamo, G., Abdu, S., Terefe, B., Lucia, V., & Rosa, L. (2021). Perceived stress and coping strategies among undergraduate health science students of Jimma University amid the COVID-19 outbreak: Online cross-sectional survey. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(March), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639955
Baker, J. P., & Berenbaum, H. (2007). Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 21(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600562276
Benton, A., Meade, E., & Vandenberg, A. (2021). The Impact of the first year of the COVID-19 Pandemic and recession on families with low incomes. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, September, 1–12. https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/covid-19-impact-low-income-families
Bhattacharjee, A., & Ghosh, T. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic and stress: Coping with the new normal. Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion, 3(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/26320770211050058
Blanchard-Fields, F., Sulsky, L., & Robinson-Whelen, S. (1991). Moderating effects of age and context on the relationship between gender, sex role differences, and coping. Sex Roles, 25(11/12), 645–660.
Bluedorn, J., Gopinath, G., & Sandri, D. (2020, April 6). An early view of the economic impact of the pandemic in 5 charts. IMFBlog. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/04/06/blog-an-early-view-of-the-economic-impact-of-the-pandemic-in-5-charts
Borrescio-Higa, F., Droller, F., & Valenzuela, P. (2022). Financial distress and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Public Health, 67(August), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604591
Budimir, S., Probst, T., & Pieh, C. (2021). Coping strategies and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Mental Health, 0(0), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2021.1875412
Chen, S.-M., & Sun, P.-Z. (2019). Gender differences in the interaction effect of cumulative risk and problem-focused coping on depression among adult employees. PLoS ONE, 14(12), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226036
Chen, Y., Peng, Y., Xu, H., & O’Brien, W. H. (2018). Age differences in stress and coping: Problem-focused strategies mediate the relationship between age and positive affect. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 86(4), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415017720890
Chesley, N. (2017). What does it mean to be a “breadwinner” mother? Journal of Family Issues, 38(18), 2594–2619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16676857
Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y. H., Naim, N., Beh, H. C., Aizuddin, M., Ariffin, A., Yusuf, M. H., Lee, J. W., & Sulaiman, A. H. (2021). Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Malaysian Perspective. Healthcare, 9(79), 1–15.
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology (pp. 31–67). Sage.
Dehelean, L., Papava, I., Musat, M. I., Bondrescu, M., Bratosin, F., Bucatos, B. O., Bortun, A.
C., Mager, D. V., Romosan, R. S., Romosan, A., Paczeyka, R., Cut, T. G., Pescariu, S. A., & Laza, R. (2021). Coping strategies and stress related disorders in patients with COVID-19. Brain Sciences, 11(1287), 1–14.
Djamba, Y. K., & Neuman, W. L. (2002). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. In Teaching Sociology (Vol. 30, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488
Duran, S., & Erkin, Ö. (2021). Psychologic distress and sleep quality among adults in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110254
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844–854. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.58.5.844
Fauziah, A. (2020, April 23). POPULER Deretan Kisah Kemiskinan Terdampak Corona, Terpaksa Mencuri Hingga Hanya Minum Air Galon. TribunMataram.Com. https://mataram.tribunnews.com/2020/04/23/populer-deretan-kisah-kemiskinan-terdampak-corona-terpaksa-mencuri-hingga-hanya-minum-air-galon
Felisiani, T. (2020, October 13). Sepi Orderan saat Pandemi, 2 Tukang Jahit di Tanjung Duren Banting Stir Jadi Maling, Ditembak Polisi. Tribunnews.Com. https://www.tribunnews.com/metropolitan/2020/10/13/sepi-orderan-saat-pandemi-2-tukang-jahit-di-tanjung-duren-banting-stir-jadi-maling-ditembak-polisi
Fink, G. (2016). Stress, definitions, mechanisms, and effects outlined: Lessons from anxiety. In Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior: Handbook of Stress. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00001-7
Galambos, N. L., & Silbereisen, R. K. (1987). Income change, parental life outlook, and adolescent expectations for job success. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.2307/352678
Goldman, J., & Bell, S. (2022). Student and faculty coping and impacts on academic success in response to COVID-19. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 11(1), 74–91.
Gori, A., Topino, E., & Fabio, A. Di. (2020). The protective role of life satisfaction, coping strategies and defense mechanisms on perceived stress due to COVID-19 emergency: A chained mediation model. PLoS ONE, 15(11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242402
Hasibuan, L. (2021, July 13). Saat Pandemi Pengusaha Ini Sukses Jual Sepatu ke Luar Negeri. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210713195253-4-260592/saat-pandemi-pengusaha-ini-sukses-jual-sepatu-ke-luar-negeri
Howerton, A., & Gundy, K. Van. (2009). Sex Differences in coping styles and implications for depressed mood. International Journal of Stress Management, 16(4), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016843
Hutapea, B. (2021a). Kiat dan Kuat Mencari Kerja di Tengah Pandemi. Kompas.Com. https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/03/15/111100226/kiat-dan-kuat-mencari-kerja-di-tengah-pandemi?page=all
Hutapea, B. (2021b). Tertawalah lebih sering sebelum pandemi ini berakhir. Kompas.Com. https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2021/01/12/114752420/tertawalah-lebih-sering-sebelum-pandemi-ini-berakhir?page=all
Hutapea, B., Ayun, T. Q., Cherika, C., Natashya, R., Noviana, R., & Soedaryo, S. (2019). Penghayatan hidup bahagia dan kesejahteraan pada kaum pemulung. Psikologia : Jurnal
Psikologi, 2(2), 65. https://doi.org/10.21070/psikologia.v2i2.975
Hutapea, B., Nainggolan, T., & Dewi, F. I. R. (2023). Kepatuhan Warga selama situasi krisis dalam menjaga kondisi kesejahteraan sosial: Refleksi Atas kebijakan restriktif pandemi Covid-19. Sosio Informa, 9(1), 51–67.
Hutapea, B., Tiatri, S., & Mirabella, M. (2021). Pendampingan dalam pengenalan dan pengembangan diri pelaku usaha mikro dan kecil Di Jambi. Jurnal Bakti Masyarakat Indonesia, 4(3), 657–665. https://doi.org/10.24912/jbmi.v4i3.13243
Id, F. W., Hannah, J., & Gorfinkel, L. (2023). Stress, coping, and quality of life in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 18(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277741
Irawan, K. I. (2021). PDB Per Kapita Merosot akibat Pandemi Covid-19. Ekonomi. https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2021/02/08/bank-dunia-covid-19-menghapus-pendapatan-per-kapita-dalam-10-tahun
Ismail, R. N. H. R., Hussin, N. Y. C., & Bakar, A. Y. A. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress level among low-income family during covid-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(Special Issue 1), 1–5.
Izzati, R. Al. (2021). Situasi Kemiskinan Selama Pandemi. Insight. https://smeru.or.id/id/article-id/situasi-kemiskinan-selama-pandemi
Jean-Baptiste, C. O., Herring, R. P., Beeson, W. L., Dos Santos, H., & Banta, J. E. (2020). Stressful life events and social capital during the early phase of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100057
Jonason, P. K., Talbot, D., Cunningham, M. L., & Chonody, J. (2020). Personality and individual di ff erences higher-order coping strategies: Who uses them and what outcomes are linked to them. Personality and Individual Differences, 155(109755), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109755
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Gender differences in appraisal and coping: An examination of the situational and dispositional hypothesis. Int. J. Sport Psychol., 43, 1–14.
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2021). Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Research, 295(113598), 1–5.
Kaufman, G. (2013). Superdads: How Fathers Balance Work and Family in the 21st Century. NYU Press.
Kayani, U. N., Naveed, K., Aysan, A. F., Khan, S., & Said, A. (2023). Adjustments to unemployment amid COVID-19: Implementation of ABCX model of family stress on Chinese tourism industry. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2234147
Kola, L., Kohrt, B. A., Hanlon, C., Naslund, J. A., Sikander, S., Balaji, M., Benjet, C., Cheung, E. Y. L., Eaton, J., Gonsalves, P., Hailemariam, M., Luite, N. P., Machado, D. B., Misganaw, E., Omigbodun, O., Roberts, T., Salisbury, T. T., Shidhaye, R., Sunkel, C., … Patel, V. (2021). COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 535–550.
Kwaah, C. Y., Adu-yeboah, C., Amuah, E., Essilfie, G., & Somuah, B. A. (2022). Exploring preservice teachers’ digital skills, stress, and coping strategies during online lessons amid covid-19 pandemic in Ghana. Cogent Education, 9(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2107292
Psikologi, 2(2), 65. https://doi.org/10.21070/psikologia.v2i2.975
Hutapea, B., Nainggolan, T., & Dewi, F. I. R. (2023). Kepatuhan Warga selama situasi krisis dalam menjaga kondisi kesejahteraan sosial: Refleksi Atas kebijakan restriktif pandemi Covid-19. Sosio Informa, 9(1), 51–67.
Hutapea, B., Tiatri, S., & Mirabella, M. (2021). Pendampingan dalam pengenalan dan pengembangan diri pelaku usaha mikro dan kecil Di Jambi. Jurnal Bakti Masyarakat Indonesia, 4(3), 657–665. https://doi.org/10.24912/jbmi.v4i3.13243
Id, F. W., Hannah, J., & Gorfinkel, L. (2023). Stress, coping, and quality of life in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 18(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277741
Irawan, K. I. (2021). PDB Per Kapita Merosot akibat Pandemi Covid-19. Ekonomi. https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2021/02/08/bank-dunia-covid-19-menghapus-pendapatan-per-kapita-dalam-10-tahun
Ismail, R. N. H. R., Hussin, N. Y. C., & Bakar, A. Y. A. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress level among low-income family during covid-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(Special Issue 1), 1–5.
Izzati, R. Al. (2021). Situasi Kemiskinan Selama Pandemi. Insight. https://smeru.or.id/id/article-id/situasi-kemiskinan-selama-pandemi
Jean-Baptiste, C. O., Herring, R. P., Beeson, W. L., Dos Santos, H., & Banta, J. E. (2020). Stressful life events and social capital during the early phase of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100057
Jonason, P. K., Talbot, D., Cunningham, M. L., & Chonody, J. (2020). Personality and individual di ff erences higher-order coping strategies: Who uses them and what outcomes are linked to them. Personality and Individual Differences, 155(109755), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109755
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Gender differences in appraisal and coping: An examination of the situational and dispositional hypothesis. Int. J. Sport Psychol., 43, 1–14.
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2021). Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Research, 295(113598), 1–5.
Kaufman, G. (2013). Superdads: How Fathers Balance Work and Family in the 21st Century. NYU Press.
Kayani, U. N., Naveed, K., Aysan, A. F., Khan, S., & Said, A. (2023). Adjustments to unemployment amid COVID-19: Implementation of ABCX model of family stress on Chinese tourism industry. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2234147
Kola, L., Kohrt, B. A., Hanlon, C., Naslund, J. A., Sikander, S., Balaji, M., Benjet, C., Cheung, E. Y. L., Eaton, J., Gonsalves, P., Hailemariam, M., Luite, N. P., Machado, D. B., Misganaw, E., Omigbodun, O., Roberts, T., Salisbury, T. T., Shidhaye, R., Sunkel, C., … Patel, V. (2021). COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 535–550.
Kwaah, C. Y., Adu-yeboah, C., Amuah, E., Essilfie, G., & Somuah, B. A. (2022). Exploring preservice teachers’ digital skills, stress, and coping strategies during online lessons amid covid-19 pandemic in Ghana. Cogent Education, 9(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2107292
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
LPEM FEB UI. (2021, September 3). LPEM FEB UI: Pandemi Berdampak Negatif Bagi Masyarakat Berstatus Ekonomi Rendah. https://uiupdate.ui.ac.id/article/lpem-feb-ui-pandemi-berdampak-negatif-bagi-masyarakat-berstatus-ekonomi-rendah
Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1401–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.010
Minahan, J., Falzarano, F., Yazdani, N., & Siedlecki, K. L. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychosocial Outcomes Across Age Through the Stress and Coping Framework. 61(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa205
Mousavi, S. A. M., Hooshyari, Z., & Ahmadi, A. (2020). The most stressful events during the COVID-19 epidemic. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(3), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v15i3.3814
Movanita, A. N. K. (2020, October 12). Dua Penjahit Curi Motor karena Sepi Pesanan di Jakarta Barat. Kompas.Com. https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2020/10/12/17305861/dua-penjahit-curi-motor-karena-sepi-pesanan-di-jakarta-barat
Mullis, R. L., & Chapman, P. (2000). Age, gender, and self-esteem differences in adolescent coping styles. Journal of Social Psychology, 140(4), 539–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600494
Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-fox, L., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC Guidelines. J Gen Intern Med, 35(8), 2296–2303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
Paul, A., Nath, T. K., Mahanta, J., Sultana, N. N., Kayes, A. S. M. I., Noon, S. J., Jabed, M. A., Podder, S., & Paul, S. (2021). Psychological and livelihood impacts of COVID-19 on Bangladeshi lower income people. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 33(1), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520977304
Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., Perry, A., Lynn, S. J., & Ph, D. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of Covid-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59–62.
Pusat Studi Kependudukan dan Kebijakan UGM. (2020). Kelompok rentan dan COVID-19 di Indonesia: Sektor informal, disabilitas, dan perempuan. Berita PSKK. https://cpps.ugm.ac.id/kelompok-rentan-dan-covid-19-di-indonesia-sektor-informal-disabilitas-dan-perempuan/
Putra, D. A. (2020). Pendapatan Masyarakat Turun Selama Pandemi Corona, Kelompok Ini yang Terparah. Liputan6.Com. https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4285725/pendapatan-masyarakat-turun-selama-pandemi-corona-kelompok-ini-yang-terparah?page=2
Putri, C. A. (2021). Survei: Hampir 75% Pendapatan Keluarga RI Drop Selama Pandemi. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210304190818-4-227950/survei-hampir-75-pendapatan-keluarga-ri-drop-selama-pandemi
Quah, S. K. L., Cockcroft, G. J., Mciver, L., Santangelo, A. M., & Roberts, A. C. (2020). Avoidant coping style to high imminence threat is linked to higher anxiety-like behavior. Front. Behav. Neurosci, 14(March), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00034
Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020). Examining anxiety, life satisfaction, general health, stress and coping styles during COVID-19 pandemic in Polish Sample of university students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management ISSN:, 13, 797–81. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S266511
Setiawan, S. R. D. (2020, June 26). Survei: 84 Persen Masyarakat Akui Pendapatan Turun
Abdulghani, H. M., Sattar, K., Ahmad, T., & Akram, A. (2022). Association of COVID-19 pandemic with undergraduate medical students’ perceived stress and coping. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 871–881. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S276938
Adikara, B. (2020, October 12). Sepi Order di Masa Pandemi, Dua Penjahit Nekad Jadi Penjahat. Jawapos.Com. https://www.jawapos.com/jabodetabek/01293015/sepi-order-di-masa-pandemi-dua-penjahit-nekad-jadi-penjahat
Ahmadi, A., Allahverdipour, H., Valiee, S., Pashazadeh, F., & Ghassab-abdollahi, N. (2023). COVID-19 stress and coping strategies among older adults: a systematic review of qualitative evidences. BMC Psychology, 11(333), 1–12.
Ahmed, F., & Sifat, R. I. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the mental health of the Rickshaw-Puller in Bangladesh. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(8), 782–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1852823
Aida, N. R., & Hardiyanto, S. (2020, March 22). Update, Berikut 15 Negara yang Berlakukan Lockdown akibat Virus Corona. Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/03/22/183000465/update-berikut-15-negara-yang-berlakukan-lockdown-akibat-virus-corona?page=all
Alawi, M. Al, & Belarminus, R. (2020, September 1). Cerita Pasutri Sukses Usaha Sewa Sepeda Saat Pandemi Covid-19, Untung Rp 5 Juta Per Bulan. Kompas.Com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/09/01/11003921/cerita-pasutri-sukses-usaha-sewa-sepeda-saat-pandemi-covid-19-untung-rp-5?page=all
Ali, M., Uddin, Z., & Hossain, A. (2021). Economic stressors and mental health symptoms among Bangladeshi rehabilitation professionals: A cross-sectional study amid COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 7(4), e06715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06715
Alsolami, F. J., Ramaiah, P., Tayyib, N. A., Alshmemri, M. S., Alsulami, S. A., Lindsay, G., & Asfour, H. I. (2021). Healthcare Professionals (Nurses ’) Perceived Stress and Coping: Amid COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(18), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2021/v33i1831314
Awoke, M., Mamo, G., Abdu, S., Terefe, B., Lucia, V., & Rosa, L. (2021). Perceived stress and coping strategies among undergraduate health science students of Jimma University amid the COVID-19 outbreak: Online cross-sectional survey. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(March), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639955
Baker, J. P., & Berenbaum, H. (2007). Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 21(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600562276
Benton, A., Meade, E., & Vandenberg, A. (2021). The Impact of the first year of the COVID-19 Pandemic and recession on families with low incomes. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, September, 1–12. https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/covid-19-impact-low-income-families
Bhattacharjee, A., & Ghosh, T. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic and stress: Coping with the new normal. Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion, 3(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/26320770211050058
Blanchard-Fields, F., Sulsky, L., & Robinson-Whelen, S. (1991). Moderating effects of age and context on the relationship between gender, sex role differences, and coping. Sex Roles, 25(11/12), 645–660.
Bluedorn, J., Gopinath, G., & Sandri, D. (2020, April 6). An early view of the economic impact of the pandemic in 5 charts. IMFBlog. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/04/06/blog-an-early-view-of-the-economic-impact-of-the-pandemic-in-5-charts
Borrescio-Higa, F., Droller, F., & Valenzuela, P. (2022). Financial distress and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Public Health, 67(August), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604591
Budimir, S., Probst, T., & Pieh, C. (2021). Coping strategies and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Mental Health, 0(0), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2021.1875412
Chen, S.-M., & Sun, P.-Z. (2019). Gender differences in the interaction effect of cumulative risk and problem-focused coping on depression among adult employees. PLoS ONE, 14(12), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226036
Chen, Y., Peng, Y., Xu, H., & O’Brien, W. H. (2018). Age differences in stress and coping: Problem-focused strategies mediate the relationship between age and positive affect. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 86(4), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415017720890
Chesley, N. (2017). What does it mean to be a “breadwinner” mother? Journal of Family Issues, 38(18), 2594–2619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16676857
Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y. H., Naim, N., Beh, H. C., Aizuddin, M., Ariffin, A., Yusuf, M. H., Lee, J. W., & Sulaiman, A. H. (2021). Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Malaysian Perspective. Healthcare, 9(79), 1–15.
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology (pp. 31–67). Sage.
Dehelean, L., Papava, I., Musat, M. I., Bondrescu, M., Bratosin, F., Bucatos, B. O., Bortun, A. C., Mager, D. V., Romosan, R. S., Romosan, A., Paczeyka, R., Cut, T. G., Pescariu, S. A., & Laza, R. (2021). Coping strategies and stress related disorders in patients with COVID-19. Brain Sciences, 11(1287), 1–14.
Djamba, Y. K., & Neuman, W. L. (2002). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. In Teaching Sociology (Vol. 30, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488
Duran, S., & Erkin, Ö. (2021). Psychologic distress and sleep quality among adults in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110254
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844–854. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.58.5.844
Fauziah, A. (2020, April 23). POPULER Deretan Kisah Kemiskinan Terdampak Corona, Terpaksa Mencuri Hingga Hanya Minum Air Galon. TribunMataram.Com. https://mataram.tribunnews.com/2020/04/23/populer-deretan-kisah-kemiskinan-terdampak-corona-terpaksa-mencuri-hingga-hanya-minum-air-galon
Felisiani, T. (2020, October 13). Sepi Orderan saat Pandemi, 2 Tukang Jahit di Tanjung Duren Banting Stir Jadi Maling, Ditembak Polisi. Tribunnews.Com. https://www.tribunnews.com/metropolitan/2020/10/13/sepi-orderan-saat-pandemi-2-tukang-jahit-di-tanjung-duren-banting-stir-jadi-maling-ditembak-polisi
Fink, G. (2016). Stress, definitions, mechanisms, and effects outlined: Lessons from anxiety. In Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior: Handbook of Stress. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00001-7
Galambos, N. L., & Silbereisen, R. K. (1987). Income change, parental life outlook, and adolescent expectations for job success. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.2307/352678
Goldman, J., & Bell, S. (2022). Student and faculty coping and impacts on academic success in response to COVID-19. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 11(1), 74–91.
Gori, A., Topino, E., & Fabio, A. Di. (2020). The protective role of life satisfaction, coping strategies and defense mechanisms on perceived stress due to COVID-19 emergency: A chained mediation model. PLoS ONE, 15(11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242402
Hasibuan, L. (2021, July 13). Saat Pandemi Pengusaha Ini Sukses Jual Sepatu ke Luar Negeri. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210713195253-4-260592/saat-pandemi-pengusaha-ini-sukses-jual-sepatu-ke-luar-negeri
Howerton, A., & Gundy, K. Van. (2009). Sex Differences in coping styles and implications for depressed mood. International Journal of Stress Management, 16(4), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016843
Hutapea, B. (2021a). Kiat dan Kuat Mencari Kerja di Tengah Pandemi. Kompas.Com. https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/03/15/111100226/kiat-dan-kuat-mencari-kerja-di-tengah-pandemi?page=all
Hutapea, B. (2021b). Tertawalah lebih sering sebelum pandemi ini berakhir. Kompas.Com. https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2021/01/12/114752420/tertawalah-lebih-sering-sebelum-pandemi-ini-berakhir?page=all
Hutapea, B., Ayun, T. Q., Cherika, C., Natashya, R., Noviana, R., & Soedaryo, S. (2019). Penghayatan hidup bahagia dan kesejahteraan pada kaum pemulung. Psikologia : Jurnal Psikologi, 2(2), 65. https://doi.org/10.21070/psikologia.v2i2.975
Hutapea, B., Nainggolan, T., & Dewi, F. I. R. (2023). Kepatuhan Warga selama situasi krisis dalam menjaga kondisi kesejahteraan sosial: Refleksi Atas kebijakan restriktif pandemi Covid-19. Sosio Informa, 9(1), 51–67.
Hutapea, B., Tiatri, S., & Mirabella, M. (2021). Pendampingan dalam pengenalan dan pengembangan diri pelaku usaha mikro dan kecil Di Jambi. Jurnal Bakti Masyarakat Indonesia, 4(3), 657–665. https://doi.org/10.24912/jbmi.v4i3.13243
Id, F. W., Hannah, J., & Gorfinkel, L. (2023). Stress, coping, and quality of life in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 18(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277741
Irawan, K. I. (2021). PDB Per Kapita Merosot akibat Pandemi Covid-19. Ekonomi. https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2021/02/08/bank-dunia-covid-19-menghapus-pendapatan-per-kapita-dalam-10-tahun
Ismail, R. N. H. R., Hussin, N. Y. C., & Bakar, A. Y. A. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress level among low-income family during covid-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(Special Issue 1), 1–5.
Izzati, R. Al. (2021). Situasi Kemiskinan Selama Pandemi. Insight. https://smeru.or.id/id/article-id/situasi-kemiskinan-selama-pandemi
Jean-Baptiste, C. O., Herring, R. P., Beeson, W. L., Dos Santos, H., & Banta, J. E. (2020). Stressful life events and social capital during the early phase of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100057
Jonason, P. K., Talbot, D., Cunningham, M. L., & Chonody, J. (2020). Personality and individual di ff erences higher-order coping strategies: Who uses them and what outcomes are linked to them. Personality and Individual Differences, 155(109755), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109755
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Gender differences in appraisal and coping: An examination of the situational and dispositional hypothesis. Int. J. Sport Psychol., 43, 1–14.
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2021). Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Research, 295(113598), 1–5.
Kaufman, G. (2013). Superdads: How Fathers Balance Work and Family in the 21st Century. NYU Press.
Kayani, U. N., Naveed, K., Aysan, A. F., Khan, S., & Said, A. (2023). Adjustments to unemployment amid COVID-19: Implementation of ABCX model of family stress on Chinese tourism industry. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2234147
Kola, L., Kohrt, B. A., Hanlon, C., Naslund, J. A., Sikander, S., Balaji, M., Benjet, C., Cheung, E. Y. L., Eaton, J., Gonsalves, P., Hailemariam, M., Luite, N. P., Machado, D. B., Misganaw, E., Omigbodun, O., Roberts, T., Salisbury, T. T., Shidhaye, R., Sunkel, C., … Patel, V. (2021). COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 535–550.
Kwaah, C. Y., Adu-yeboah, C., Amuah, E., Essilfie, G., & Somuah, B. A. (2022). Exploring preservice teachers’ digital skills, stress, and coping strategies during online lessons amid covid-19 pandemic in Ghana. Cogent Education, 9(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2107292
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
LPEM FEB UI. (2021, September 3). LPEM FEB UI: Pandemi Berdampak Negatif Bagi Masyarakat Berstatus Ekonomi Rendah. https://uiupdate.ui.ac.id/article/lpem-feb-ui-pandemi-berdampak-negatif-bagi-masyarakat-berstatus-ekonomi-rendah
Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1401–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.010
Minahan, J., Falzarano, F., Yazdani, N., & Siedlecki, K. L. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychosocial Outcomes Across Age Through the Stress and Coping Framework. 61(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa205
Mousavi, S. A. M., Hooshyari, Z., & Ahmadi, A. (2020). The most stressful events during the COVID-19 epidemic. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(3), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v15i3.3814
Movanita, A. N. K. (2020, October 12). Dua Penjahit Curi Motor karena Sepi Pesanan di Jakarta Barat. Kompas.Com. https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2020/10/12/17305861/dua-penjahit-curi-motor-karena-sepi-pesanan-di-jakarta-barat
Mullis, R. L., & Chapman, P. (2000). Age, gender, and self-esteem differences in adolescent coping styles. Journal of Social Psychology, 140(4), 539–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600494
Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-fox, L., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC Guidelines. J Gen Intern Med, 35(8), 2296–2303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
Paul, A., Nath, T. K., Mahanta, J., Sultana, N. N., Kayes, A. S. M. I., Noon, S. J., Jabed, M. A., Podder, S., & Paul, S. (2021). Psychological and livelihood impacts of COVID-19 on Bangladeshi lower income people. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 33(1), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520977304
Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., Perry, A., Lynn, S. J., & Ph, D. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of Covid-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59–62.
Pusat Studi Kependudukan dan Kebijakan UGM. (2020). Kelompok rentan dan COVID-19 di Indonesia: Sektor informal, disabilitas, dan perempuan. Berita PSKK. https://cpps.ugm.ac.id/kelompok-rentan-dan-covid-19-di-indonesia-sektor-informal-disabilitas-dan-perempuan/
Putra, D. A. (2020). Pendapatan Masyarakat Turun Selama Pandemi Corona, Kelompok Ini yang Terparah. Liputan6.Com. https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4285725/pendapatan-masyarakat-turun-selama-pandemi-corona-kelompok-ini-yang-terparah?page=2
Putri, C. A. (2021). Survei: Hampir 75% Pendapatan Keluarga RI Drop Selama Pandemi. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210304190818-4-227950/survei-hampir-75-pendapatan-keluarga-ri-drop-selama-pandemi
Quah, S. K. L., Cockcroft, G. J., Mciver, L., Santangelo, A. M., & Roberts, A. C. (2020). Avoidant coping style to high imminence threat is linked to higher anxiety-like behavior. Front. Behav. Neurosci, 14(March), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00034
Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020). Examining anxiety, life satisfaction, general health, stress and coping styles during COVID-19 pandemic in Polish Sample of university students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management ISSN:, 13, 797–81. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S266511
Setiawan, S. R. D. (2020, June 26). Survei: 84 Persen Masyarakat Akui Pendapatan Turun karena Corona. Kompas.Com. https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/06/26/122922726/survei-84-persen-masyarakat-akui-pendapatan-turun-karena-corona?page=all
Shammi, M., Bodrud-Doza, M., Towfiqul Islam, A. R. M., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic crisis and human stress in resource-limited settings: A case from Bangladesh. Heliyon, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04063
Shen, M., Xiao, Y., Yuan, Y., Chen, X., & Li, J. (2021). Perceived stress links income loss and urticaria activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 126(1), 89–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.019
Shuster, C. L., Tate, M. C., Schulz, C. T., Reyes, C. T., Drohan, M. M., Astorini, A. G., Stamates, A. L., Yang, M., & Robbins, M. L. (2023). Perceived stress and coping among university students amidst covid-19 pandemic. COVID, 3, 1544–1553.
Singh, S., Mani, N., Datta, M., & Batra, S. (2021). Stress, internet use, substance use and coping among adolescents, young-adults and middle-age adults amid the ‘new normal’ pandemic era. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 12(November), 100885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100885
Sitinjak, Y. (2020). BPS: Masyarakat Berpenghasilan Rendah Paling Terdampak Covid-19. TheIconomics. https://www.theiconomics.com/accelerated-growth/bps-masyarakat-berpenghasilan-rendah-paling-terdampak-covid-19/
Stallman, H. M. (2020). Health Theory of Coping. Aust Psychol, March, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12465
Stephenson, E., & DeLongis, A. (2021). Coping strategies. In L. M. Cohen (Ed.), The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology (pp. 55–60). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057840.ch50
Thai, T. T., Le, P. T. V., Pham, P. T. T., & Bui, H. T. H. (2021). Perceived stress and coping strategies during the covid-19 pandemic among public health and preventive medicine students in Vietnam. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 795–804. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S317059
UNICEF, UNDP, Prospera, & SMERU. (2022). The Social and economic impact of Covid-19 on households in Indonesia: a Second Round of Surveys in 2022. United Nations Childrend’s Fund (UNICEF), 1–114.
Voronin, I. A., Vasin, G. M., Millones-Rivalles, R. B., Manrique-Pino, O., Fernandez-Rios, N., Marakshina, Y. A., Lobaskova, M. M., Symanyuk, E. E., Pecherkina, A. A., Ageeva, I. A., Lysenkova, I. A., Ismatullina, V. I., Sitnikova, M. A., & Malykh, S. B. (2020). Coping responses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Cross-cultural comparison of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Peru. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 13(4), 55–74.
Wu, M., Xu, W., Yao, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, L., Fan, J., & Chen, J. (2020). Mental health status of students’ parents during COVID-19 pandemic and its influence factors. General Psychiatry, 33(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100250
Zurlo, M. C., Vallone, F., & Volta, M. F. C. Della. (2022). Perceived Past and current COVID-19-stressors, coping strategies and psychological health among university students: A mediated-moderated model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19(10443), 1–19.