WILL YOU BE ENGAGED IN PANDEMIC AFFECTED COMPANY? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB DEMANDS, WORK ENGAGEMENT, AND RESILIENCE

Main Article Content

Badai Widyastuti Prasthari
P. Tommy Y.S. Suyasa
Raja Oloan Tumanggor

Abstract

COVID -19 pandemic negatively impacted the companies in Indonesia. In order to survive financially, some companies conducted massive restructuring including lay-offs and benefit reduction. In the difficult situation how employee stay engaged in work within pandemic impacted companies? The intent of this study was to examine the relationship between job demands with work engagement, and the moderating role of resilience in the relationship between job demands and work engagement. Study toward 287 employees from private companies impacted by pandemic in Indonesia with MRA (Moderated Regression Analysis). The study showed that generally job demands will negatively impacted work engagement. Resilience had positive relationship toward work engagement, but not act as moderator in the relationship between job demands with work engagement.

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115

Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 4-28. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2010.485352

Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job Resources Boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274-284. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice- Hall.

Bandura, A., (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492036311410606

Bayu, D. J. (n.d.). Mayoritas Karyawan Anggap WFH Buat Durasi Kerja Lebih lama: Databoks. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/11/05/mayoritas-karyawan-anggap-wfh-buat-durasi-kerja-lebih-lama

Borst, R. T., Kruyen, P. M., Lako, C. J., & De Vries, M. S. (2019). The attitudinal, behavioral, and performance outcomes of work engagement: A comparative meta-analysis across the public, Semipublic, and private sector. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 40(4), 613-640. doi:10.1177/0734371x19840399

Chen, I. (2022). The moderating role of personal resources in the relationship between job demands and work engagement. Psihologija, 55(2), 123-136. doi:10.2298/psi200707007c

Christiana, Y., Suyasa, P.T.Y.S., & Tumanggor, R.O. (2022). Is it important to have self-efficacy in maintaining work engagement during restructuring? Jurnal Psikologi Teori dan Terapan. Vol.14,No.1,105-113.

Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and Burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848. doi:10.1037/a0019364

Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. (1970, January 01). [pdf] the job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research: Semantic scholar. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Job-Demands-Resources-model%3A-challenges-for-Demerouti-Bakker/9de8fd57bf030951c98447ed3dc99a87dcaded27

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1986). Stress processes and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,95(2), 107-113. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.2.107

Garmezy, N., & Masten, A. S. (1986). Stress, competence, and resilience: Common frontiers for therapist and psychopathologist. Behavior Therapy, 17(5), 500-521. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(86)80091-0

Gonzalez-Mulé, E., Kim, M. (., & Ryu, J. W. (2021). A meta-analytic test of multiplicative and additive models of job demands, resources, and stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(9), 1391-1411. doi:10.1037/apl0000840

Halidi, R. (2021, November 25). Survei MMB: 2 dari 5 Karyawan Indonesia stres Karena Kerjaan. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://www.suara.com/health/2021/11/25/123506/survei-mmb-2-dari-5-karyawan-indonesia-stres-karena-kerjaan?page=2

Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 103-128. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640

Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 632-643. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632

Kunzelmann, A., & Rigotti, T. (2020). How time pressure is associated with both work engagement and emotional exhaustion: The moderating effects of resilient capabilities at work. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 35(3), 309-336. doi:10.1177/2397002220952741

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141-169. doi:10.1002/per.2410010304

Lesener, T., Gusy, B., Jochmann, A., & Wolter, C. (2019). The drivers of work engagement: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal evidence. Work & Stress, 34(3), 259-278. doi:10.1080/02678373.2019.1686440

Mazzola, J. J., & Disselhorst, R. (2019). Should we be “challenging” employees?: A critical review and meta‐analysis of the challenge‐hindrance model of stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(8), 949-961. doi:10.1002/job.2412

Mockałło, Z., & Widerszal-Bazyl, M. (2021). Role of job and personal resources in the appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances. PLOS ONE, 16(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248148

Mulyana, F.K., Suyasa, P.T.Y.S., & Tumanggor, R.O. (2020). Hubungan antara job demands dengan work engagement: Peranan flexible leadership sebagai moderator. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni. Vol 4

Purba, G. N. (2021, March 30). Video iklan #bisabangkitbersama, Apresiasi Kerja Keras Karyawan Selama pandemi. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://m.medcom.id/teknologi/news-teknologi/9K55M6nK-video-iklan-bisabangkitbersama-apresiasi-kerja-keras-karyawan-selama-pandemi

Rahmadani, V. G., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2020). Engaging leadership and work engagement as moderated by “diuwongke”: An Indonesian study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(7), 1267-1295. doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1799234

Rai, A., & Jaiswal, S. (2019). All job demands are not equal: Exploring the two sides of a coin. International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy, 1(1), 1. doi:10.1504/ijmcp.2019.10027982

Roczniewska, M., Smoktunowicz, E., Calcagni, C. C., Von Thiele Schwarz, U., Hasson, H., & Richter, A. (2022). Beyond the individual: A systematic review of the effects of unit-level demands and resources on employee productivity, health, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 27(2), 240-257. doi:10.1037/ocp0000311

Salanova, M., Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). Engaged, workaholic, burned-out or just 9-to-5? toward a typology of employee well-being. Stress and Health, 30(1), 71-81. doi:10.1002/smi.2499

Santia, T. (2020, November 24). 88 persen perusahaan Terdampak Pandemi Covid-19, Sebagian Besar Merugi. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4416613/88-persen-perusahaan-terdampak-pandemi-covid-19-sebagian-besar-merugi

Sari, A. P. (2021, July 30). WFH Dirasa Penuh Tantangan Oleh Sejumlah Karyawan, Ini Tanggapan Psikolog Halaman all. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/07/30/202620026/wfh-dirasa-penuh-tantangan-oleh-sejumlah-karyawan-ini-tanggapan-psikolog?page=all

Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Coping with job stress. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 902-904. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.14010-3

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and Engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. doi:10.1002/job.248

Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzailez-Romi, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout and: a confirmative analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.

Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, Burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology, 57(2), 173-203. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x

Schilbach, M., Baethge, A., & Rigotti, T. (2021). Do challenge and hindrance job demands prepare employees to demonstrate resilience? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(3), 155-174. doi:10.1037/ocp0000282

Shatté, A., Perlman, A., Smith, B., & Lynch, W. D. (2017). The positive effect of resilience on stress and business outcomes in difficult work environments. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 59(2), 135-140. doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000914

Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. doi:10.1080/10705500802222972

Tim. (2021, August 22). Antara Pandemi Covid-19, Kerja, Dan Burnout. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20210820182352-260-683182/antara-pandemi-covid-19-kerja-dan-burnout

Tim. (2021, August 22). Cukup, Saya resign! Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20210819165709-260-682591/cukup-saya-resign

Van den Broeck, A., De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). Not all job demands are equal: Differentiating job hindrances and job challenges in the job demands–resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(6), 735-759. doi:10.1080/13594320903223839

Van Oortmerssen, L. A., Caniëls, M. C., & Van Assen, M. F. (2019). Coping with work stressors and paving the way for flow: Challenge and Hindrance demands, humor, and cynicism. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(6), 2257-2277. doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00177-9

Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121

Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121

Yeo, K., & Yap, C. (2020). Helping undergraduate students cope with stress: The role of Psychosocial Resources as Resilience Factors. The Social Science Journal, 1-23. doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1728501

Zhafira, A. N. (2021, October 18). Survei: Ada Penurunan kualitas kehidupan pekerja saat pandemi. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2465513/survei-ada-penurunan-kualitas-kehidupan-pekerja-saat-pandemi

Zhang, X., Bian, L., Bai, X., Kong, D., Liu, L., Chen, Q., & Li, N. (2020). The influence of job satisfaction, resilience and work engagement on turnover intention among village doctors in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1). doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05154-0

Zulhasmi, F.R., Zamralita, Z., & Saraswati, K. (2021). The influence of psychological capital and job resources towards work engagement. Advances in social science, education and humanities research. Volume 570