EVALUASI TARIF DAN KELAYAKAN OPERASIONAL ANGKUTAN UMUM DI TRAYEK KUPANG-NOELBAKI BERDASARKAN BOK, ATP, DAN WTP

Abstrak

Public transportation plays an essential role in supporting community mobility in developing cities such as Kupang, where informal modes like bemo remain widely used. Increasing fuel prices and vehicle maintenance costs require periodic fare evaluations to ensure operational sustainability. This study evaluates the feasibility of public transport fares on the Kupang–Noelbaki route based on Vehicle Operational Costs (BOK), drivers’ income, and passengers’ Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP). A descriptive quantitative approach was applied through field observations, surveys of 100 passengers, and in-depth interviews with five drivers. The results show that the annual BOK of Rp194,200,000 corresponds to a daily operational cost of Rp647,000, while average daily revenue reaches Rp912,500, resulting in a net driver income of Rp265,500 per day. The ATP and WTP values are Rp7,000 and Rp6,500, respectively, indicating that the current fare of Rp5,000 remains affordable for passengers. Fare simulation analysis suggests that a moderate fare increase to Rp6,000 is still acceptable and can improve driver income. These findings emphasize the importance of data-driven fare evaluation and service quality improvement in public transport policy.

Abstrak

Transportasi publik memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung mobilitas masyarakat di kota berkembang seperti Kupang, yang masih mengandalkan moda transportasi informal berupa bemo. Kenaikan harga bahan bakar dan biaya perawatan kendaraan menuntut evaluasi tarif secara berkala untuk menjamin keberlanjutan operasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kelayakan tarif angkutan umum pada trayek Kupang–Noelbaki berdasarkan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK), pendapatan pengemudi, serta Ability to Pay (ATP) dan Willingness to Pay (WTP) penumpang. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif melalui observasi lapangan, survei terhadap 100 penumpang, dan wawancara mendalam dengan lima pengemudi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa BOK tahunan sebesar Rp194.200.000 setara dengan biaya operasional harian Rp647.000, sedangkan pendapatan harian rata-rata mencapai Rp912.500 sehingga menghasilkan pendapatan bersih pengemudi sebesar Rp265.500 per hari. Nilai ATP sebesar Rp7.000 dan WTP sebesar Rp6.500 menunjukkan bahwa tarif eksisting Rp5.000 masih berada dalam batas keterjangkauan. Simulasi tarif menunjukkan bahwa penyesuaian moderat menjadi Rp6.000 masih dapat diterima dan mampu meningkatkan pendapatan pengemudi. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya evaluasi tarif berbasis data serta peningkatan kualitas layanan.