PENGARUH OVERPARENTING TERHADAP KEPRIBADIAN
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Abstract
Dalam perkembangannya, anak membutuhkan pengasuhan yang tepat dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan usianya agar berkembang secara maksimal. Pengasuhan orang tua berpengaruh atas pembentukan kepribadian anak. Dalam perkembangan hidupnya, terdapat tahap emerging adulthood, yakni tahap masa transisi dari selesainya masa remaja menuju dewasa muda. Ketika itu seorang anak berada pada msa melepaskan diri dari pengasuhan orang tua. Anak sedang berfokus dengan dirinya sendiri dan memiliki otonomi yang besar dalam menjalani kehidupannya, sehingga penting bagi orang tua untuk memberikan kesempatan bagi anak belajar mandiri. Keterlibatan orang tua yang berlebihan pada tahap perkembangan ini disebut overparenting. Hal ini terjadi karena orang tua menyadari peluangnya semakin singkat untuk mengasuh dan membantu anak mencapai potensi terbaiknya. Dampak pengasuhan ini antara lain: anak kehilangan otonomi atas dirinya, tingginya kecemasan serta stres, hingga mengembangkan trait negatif. Selain itu juga dapat menghambat anak dalam mengambil tanggung jawab terhadap dirinya sendiri, yang seharusnya perlu dikuasai anak menjelang memasuki masa dewasa. Individu yang terhambat oleh overparenting dan gagal memenuhi tuntutan psikologis, dikhawatirkan tidak mencapai kedewasaan secara sempurna, sebaliknya mengembangkan trait maladaptif. Penelitian menguji pengaruh overparenting terhadap terbentuknya trait kepribadian seseorang. Partisipan adalah 184 laki-laki dan perempuan (rerata usia 21.25 tahun). Pengumpulan data dengan Helicopter Parenting Instrument (HPI) dan NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa overparenting dari ayah secara signifikan dapat menjadi predictor pembentukan trait Neuroticism pada dewasa muda (t-value = 1.97 > 1.96, dengan p < 0.05). Semakin tinggi pengasuhan overparenting ayah, maka semakin tinggi kemungkinan anak memiliki trait neuroticism di usia dewasa muda. Hasil ini sejalan penelitian Odenweller, Booth-Butterfield dan Weber (2014) serta Montgomery (dalam Bradley-Geist & Olson-Buchanan, 2014), adanya hubungan antara overparenting dengan trait neurotisme. Sementara, overparenting ayah maupun ibu tidak berperan signifikan terhadap pembentukan trait lainnya (Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness serta Conscientiousness).
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