GAMBARAN KONTROL DIRI PADA PENDERITA OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Article Sidebar
Read Counter : 795
Download : 522
Main Article Content
Abstract
Pandemi COVID-19 ditemukan dapat memperburuk gangguan Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), khususnya pada penderita OCD jenis cleaning. OCD adalah gangguan yang ditandai dengan munculnya pikiran atau gambaran yang mengganggu dan/atau perilaku berulang yang dilakukan oleh individu sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi kecemasan. Penderita OCD umumnya merasa tidak memiliki kontrol atas diri mereka sendiri. Kontrol diri adalah kemampuan individu untuk mengendalikan pikiran, perasaan, dan perilakunya dalam menahan atau mengesampingkan keinginannya. Penderita OCD harus memiliki kontrol diri untuk mengatasi obsesi dan/atau kompulsi yang mereka alami. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran kontrol diri pada penderita OCD di masa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari 3 orang penderita OCD jenis cleaning berusia 20-40 tahun yang berdomisili di Jabodetabek. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dari 3 aspek yang terkandung dalam kontrol diri hanya 1 aspek yang dipenuhi oleh ketiga subjek dalam penelitian ini, yaitu kontrol kognitif. Ketiga subjek dalam penelitian ini memenuhi aspek kontrol kognitif dengan melakukan self-reassurance, mempertimbangkan dampak dari perilaku kompulsif, dan mengevaluasi sisi positif dari situasi yang sedang mereka hadapi. Sedangkan 2 aspek kontrol diri lainnya, yaitu kontrol perilaku hanya dipenuhi oleh 1 dari 3 orang subjek dan kontrol keputusan hanya dipenuhi oleh 2 dari 3 orang subjek.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been found to exacerbate Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), especially in cleaning-type OCD sufferers. OCD is a disorder characterized by the appearance of disturbing thoughts or images and/or repetitive behaviors performed by individuals in an attempt to reduce anxiety. People with OCD generally feel they have no control over themselves. Self-control is the ability of individuals to control their thoughts, feelings, and behavior in restraining or overriding their desires. People with OCD must have self-control to deal with their obsessions and/or compulsions. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of self-control in patients with OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a qualitative method and the research subjects consisted of 3 people with cleaning type OCD aged 20-40 years who live in the Greater Jakarta area. Based on the results of the study, of the 3 aspects contained in self-control, only 1 aspect was fulfilled by the three subjects in this study, namely cognitive control. The three subjects in this study fulfilled aspects of cognitive control by doing self-reassurance, considering the impact of compulsive behavior, and evaluating the positive side of the situation they were facing. While the other 2 aspects of self-control, namely behavioral control is only fulfilled by 1 of 3 subjects and decisional control is only fulfilled by 2 of 3 subjects.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.References
Aardema, F. (2020). COVID-19, obsessive-compulsive disorder and invisible life forms that threaten the self. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 26, 100558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100558
Alzyood, M., Jackson, D., Aveyard, H., & Brooke, J. (2020). COVID-19 reinforces the importance of handwashing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(15–16), 2760–2761. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15313
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Averill, J. R. (1973). Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress. Psychological Bulletin, 80(4), 286–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034845
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
Banerjee, D. D. (2020). The other side of COVID-19: Impact on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and hoarding. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112966
Brady, R. E., Adams, T. G., & Lohr, J. M. (2010). Disgust in contamination-based Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A review and model. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 10(8), 1295–1305. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.10.46
Carr, A. T. (1974). Compulsive neurosis: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 81(5), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036473
Cavedini, P., Riboldi, G., D’annucci, A., Belotti, P., Cisima, M., & Bellodi, L. (2002). Decision-making heterogeneity in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Ventromedial prefrontal cortex function predicts different treatment outcomes. Neuropsychologia, 40(2), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00077-X
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). How to protect yourself & others. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
Cornelius, R. R., & Averill, J. R. (1980). The influence of various types of control on psychophysiological stress reactions. Journal of Research in Personality, 14(4), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(80)90008-2
De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H. W., Goubert, L., Onraedt, T., Vanderhasselt, M. A., & De Raedt, R. (2012). Cognitive control moderates the association between stress and rumination. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(1), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.07.004
Evans, D. W., Lewis, M. D., & Iobst, E. (2004). The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in normally developing compulsive-like behaviors and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain and Cognition, 55, 220–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00274-4
Fineberg, N. A., Van Ameringen, M., Drummond, L., Hollander, E., Stein, D. J., Geller, D., Walitza, S., Pallanti, S., Pellegrini, L., Zohar, J., Rodriguez, C. I., Menchon, J. M., Morgado, P., Mpavaenda, D., Fontenelle, L. F., Feusner, J. D., Grassi, G., Lochner, C., Veltman, D. J., … Dell’Osso, B. (2020). How to manage Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) under COVID-19: A clinician’s guide from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) and the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Research Network (OCRN) of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 100, 152174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152174
Fontenelle, L. F., & Miguel, E. C. (2020). The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) in the diagnosis and treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 37(6), 510–511. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23037
Fyer, A. J., Lipsitz, J. D., Mannuzza, S., Aronowitz, B., & Chapman, T. F. (2005). A direct interview family study of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. I. Psychological Medicine, 35(11), 1611–1621. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005441
Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE, 15(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
Hodgson, R. J., & Rachman, S. (1977). Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15(5), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(77)90042-0
Jelinek, L., Moritz, S., Miegel, F., & Voderholzer, U. (2021). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder during COVID-19: Turning a problem into an opportunity? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 77, 102329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102329
Kumar, A., & Somani, A. (2020). Dealing with corona virus anxiety and OCD. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102053
Liao, J., Liu, L., Fu, X., Feng, Y., Liu, W., Yue, W., & Yan, J. (2021). The immediate and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A one-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Research, 306(51), 114268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114268
Mei, L. (2020). Kontrol diri penderita Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Universitas Trunojoyo Madura.
Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (2002). The need to control thoughts. In Cognitive Approaches to Obsessions and Compulsions - Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 29–43). Elsevier Science Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043410-0/50004-0
Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (2005). Overcoming obsessive thoughts. New Harbinger Publications.
Rivera, R. M., & Carballea, D. (2020). Coronavirus: A trigger for OCD and illness anxiety disorder? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 33324. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000725
Rosenbaum, M. (1993). The three functions of self-control behaviour: Redressive, reformative and experiential. Work and Stress, 7(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379308257048
Salamah, S. N. (2021). Pengendalian diri pada penderita OCD. 1(1), 41–56.
Salkovskis, P. M. (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(5), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6
Shafran, R., Coughtrey, A., & Whittal, M. (2020). Recognising and addressing the impact of COVID-19 on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 570–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30222-4
Wheaton, M. G., Ward, H. E., Silber, A., McIngvale, E., & Björgvinsson, T. (2021). How is the COVID-19 pandemic affecting individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102410
World Health Organization. (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public