International Journal of Application on Economics and Business

FOSTERING LOYALTY: INVESTIGATING THE COFFEE SHOP WITH SATISFACTION AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE

2024-08-13T19:08:14+00:00

In this research, the primary aim is to thoroughly investigate the influence of service quality, food quality, and price fairness on customer loyalty, with customer satisfaction serving as a pivotal mediating variable. The research population encompasses JJ coffee shop patrons in Jakarta. A total of 243 respondents were selected as samples, with criteria including a minimum age, residency, and prior experience dining at the coffee shop. The research utilized purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling technique, along with a specific sample selection method, namely judgmental sampling, was employed for respondent data collection through online questionnaire distribution via Google Forms. The meticulously collected data underwent further in-depth analysis using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS- SEM) with SmartPLS4 software. The findings indicate that service quality, food quality and price fairness collectively have a positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction. Moreover, customer satisfaction has been found to play a crucial mediating role between service quality, food quality, and price fairness and customer loyalty in the coffee shop business in Jakarta. In addition to contributing to academic knowledge, this study offers actionable insights for JJ coffee shop by highlighting the significance of improving service quality, price fairness, customer satisfaction, and ultimately customer loyalty.

HOW DOES GREEN FACTOR AFFECT SATISFACTION AND PURCHASE INTENTION ON ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS?

2024-08-15T04:26:42+00:00

The high population in Indonesia causes significant accumulation of waste, leading to waste management problems and landfills adjacent to the community. This unrest created criticism of the government, prompting the issuance of plastic waste reduction regulations. The government hopes that the public can make an active contribution in overcoming this problem. Correspondingly, people are turning to eco-friendly products, including skin care products from companies like Innisfree. This study explores the influence of green value perception and green attitudes on green satisfaction and green purchase intent on the product, using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis to test the hypothesis. This study aims to empirically examine the influence of green value perception and green attitude towards green purchase intention with green satisfaction as mediation. This study used a descriptive research design with cross-sectional data collection techniques and used non-probability sampling techniques with convenience techniques on 213 environmentally friendly skin care users. The questionnaire is distributed through an online Google Form. This research shows that green attitudes and green satisfaction have a positive and significant influence on green purchase intentions in customers of environmentally friendly skin care products, but the perception of green value does not have a positive and significant influence on green purchase intentions. Furthermore, green value perceptions and green attitudes have a positive and significant effect on green satisfaction. Furthermore, green satisfaction can mediate positively and significantly green value perceptions and green attitudes towards green purchase intent. Lastly, green satisfaction can mediate positively and significantly green attitudes and green attitudes towards green purchase intentions.

DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES: IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDENTS

2024-08-13T17:43:55+00:00

As appreciation for achieving the SDGs agenda, a study was carried out to produce sustainable entrepreneurship activity instruments. This process adopts a model previously prepared by Schlange in 2006 with using a triple bottom line framework. The sustainable entrepreneurship activity construct consists of three dimensions including economic, ecological and social activities with totally 18 indicators. This study involved 99 entrepreneurship students as respondents with the overall results of the indicators meeting the Cronbach's Alpha and composite reliability criteria, however the results of the convergent and discriminant validity tests were not completely valid. The results show that sustainable entrepreneurship has not been perceived ideally by respondents. There is a need to increase education, especially regarding ambiguous indicators. The implications of these results are applied to curriculum development as a value for universities in appreciating the goals of sustainable development.

THE EFFECT OF STOCK RISK, PROFITABILITY AND MACROECONOMICS FACTORS ON STOCK PRICES OF BANKING COMPANIES LISTED ON IDX

2024-08-13T17:28:14+00:00

This research aims to obtain valid evidence regarding the influence of stock risk, profitability ratios, inflation, and interest rates on share prices of banking sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018 to 2022. Stock risk is proxied by beta, profitability ratio is proxied by Earning per Share (EPS), inflation is proxied by the Indonesian annual inflation rate and interest rates are measured by the BI-7 Day Reverse Repo Rate (B17DRR). This research used a descriptive research design and used quantitative data. The data in this study was extracted from official sources. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling technique. The selected research sample was 39 out of 47 banking sub sector companies listed consistently on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2018 to 2022 and produced 197 observation data. Data analysis used panel data regression which was processed using EViews 12 software. A series of tests carried out included multicollinearity tests, partial t tests and coefficient of determination tests. The research results show that earnings per share have a positive influence on share prices. Meanwhile, stock beta, inflation and interest rates have a negative influence on share prices in banking sub sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2018 to 2022.

HISTORICAL, TENDENCY, MAPPING, LOOPING (H.T.M.L) FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGERIAL CAPABILITIES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

2024-08-13T18:00:36+00:00

In a company, management is a very important process in achieving company goals. Management is dynamic/not static, not rigid, but follows developments and progress in the environment that influences it. Basically, management is a series of activities that include the processes of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organizational members in using all organizational resources to achieve predetermined goals. However, a manager needs several frameworks that must be understood so that management systems and patterns in formulating a strategy have a positive impact on organizational growth. The H.T.M.L framework, which includes the Historical, Tendency, Mapping, Looping process, is one of the managerial abilities in management practices in organizations. This research uses a qualitative approach with an exploratory study : literature review, which was carried out as an initial study in the Historical, Tendency, Mapping and Looping framework research or known as the H.T.M.L framework. The journals used in this review are various international journals obtained from several reputable journal databases. After going through a screening process using several inclusion and exclusion criterias, an analysis was carried out based on the selected journals that are related to answering the research question. Next, researchers will form a framework that can be used as a comprehensive guidance in designing and developing strategies and initiatives in organizations. This research provides results that the H.T.M.L (Historical, Tendency, Mapping, and Looping) framework can be used to facilitate the process regarding the details of how to develop and implement strategies. Through this framework, managerial capability in optimizing the success of a strategic practice can be described and explained using clear methods and pathways.

THE EFFECT OF TRADE CREDIT ON COMPANY PROFITABILITY IN THE CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY SECTOR FOR THE PERIOD 2020-2022

2024-08-13T18:16:33+00:00

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of trade credit provision on the profitability of companies in the consumer goods industry sector from 2020 to 2022 and also to determine the effect of trade credit provision at a higher level and a lower level than the average company in the primary consumer goods industry sector on company profitability. Finally, this study will determine the effect of trade credit provision on the profitability of primary consumer goods sector companies during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The empirical analysis method is carried out on a sample of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2020-2022. To test the research hypothesis, panel data analysis methodology is used with moderation of accounts receivable variables, company growth, third-party debt, bank loans, accounts payable, and dummy variables. The results showed that trade credit contributed to the profitability of the companies studied. The empirical analysis also reveals that firms can improve their profitability by increasing investment in trade receivables to a higher level than firms in their business sector. In addition, greater use of debt to suppliers and increased bank debt tend to reduce the contribution of trade receivables to firm profitability.

THE INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BOARD CHARACTERISTICS ON CSRD IN SRI-KEHATI INDEX FOR 2018-2022

2024-08-13T16:43:09+00:00

The Good Corporate Governance can ensure that the company is managed in a responsible and transparent manner, including Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Several companies have expressed a form of Social Responsibility towards all stakeholders, including society, the environment and workers. One of the parties responsible for CSR disclosure is the board of directors. The characteristics possessed by directors can influence the company's commitment to CSR and the company's desire to disclose CSR information to the public. This research aims to analyze the influence of corporate governance and directors' characteristics on CSR disclosure in the Sri-Kehati Index for the 2018-2022 period. This research was analysed using multiple regression method which processed using SPSS 25. The data used in this research was secondary data from annual reports. This research used purposive-sampling technique with sample of 70 data observations. The results of this research show that the audit committee, independent commissioner, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, age of directors, gender of directors have no influence on CSR Disclosure. It can be concluded that the CSR information in the CSR Disclosure has been prepared without interference from the Board of Directors, Shareholders and Supervision of the Commissioners. The implications of this research show that CSR information which aims to provide CSR information in the context of sustainability, should be prepared professionally with adequate corporate governance.

THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING ON FIRM VALUE IN INDONESIA’S CONSUMER SECTOR FIRMS

2024-08-13T18:37:47+00:00

The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence on the effect of sustainability reports on firm value in non-cyclical and cyclical companies in Indonesia. In this research, the data collected comes from financial statements and sustainability reports of consumer sector companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample collection technique used is purposive sampling. From the collection techniques used, there were 22 companies that met the sample criteria, bringing the total sample to 44. The study period is 2021-2022. The collected data tested using classical assumption tests and then regressed using multiple regression analysis. The variables used in this study are divided into two, namely the dependent variable and the independent variable. The dependent variable used is the firm value measured using TOBINS'Q. Meanwhile, the independent variables used were general disclosure (COM), economic (ECON), environmental (ENVI) and social (SOC) in sustainability reports. This study also used control variables, namely leverage (DER) and company size (SIZE). According to the study's findings, the variables COM, ECON, and SOC had no impact on the TOBINS'Q-measured corporate firm value. Meanwhile, the value of the company is significantly influenced by ENVI, DER, and SIZE factors. ENVI and DER have a positive impact on the value of the company, however, SIZE has a negative impact on the value of the company. Simultantly, the independent variables positively and significantly affect dependent variable. It is expected that the results of this research will be useful for investors, companies, educational institutions and society in general.

THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY, LIQUIDITY, AND LEVERAGE ON FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANIES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2024-08-13T17:05:03+00:00

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was an extraordinary event that occurred unexpectedly and unanticipated by all countries. Easy transmission through saliva droplets has caused many countries to implement community lockdown policies. This condition causes a decline in economic activity coupled with a lot of public spending on health. Many companies have reduced their activities and even closed their businesses temporarily or permanently. This condition has an impact on reducing premium income from general insurance companies. This research aims to analyze the effect of profitability, liquidity and leverage on financial distress in general insurance companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses 24 data from 8 general insurance companies selected using a non-purposive sampling method. This research uses multiple regression analysis. The results of this research show that profitability and liquidity have a positive effect on financial distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, leverage shows that it has no effect on financial distress. This research provides a positive signal for investors who want to invest in general insurance companies. The implications of this research provide a signal that companies must manage the use of profits to maintain adequate liquidity, and by carefully managing debt, companies can avoid financial distress.

FACTORS AFFECTING STOCK PRICE WITH DIVIDEND POLICY AS MODERATING VARIABLE

2024-08-13T18:50:54+00:00

The goal of this research was to gather empirical evidence on the effect of Firm size, Return On Equity, Leverage and Net Profit Margin on stock price, using Dividend Policy as moderating variable in consumer non cyclicals companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2020 and 2022. The method which is used to obtain the sample were purposive sampling and the data that met the criteria were 42 data from 18 companies which were processed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) vers 26.0. Partially, Return On Equity has a significant and positive effect on stock price, Leverage (DER) and Net Profit Margin have a significant and negative effect on Stock Price, while Firm Size (Ln Asset) has no significant and positive effect on Stock Price. Dividend policy (DPR) unable to moderate the effect of Firm size, Return On Equity, Leverage and Net Profit Margin on Stock Price.

INTERNAL FACTOR AND EXTERNAL FACTOR TO PREDICT FINANCIAL DISTRESS

2024-08-13T17:21:28+00:00

The objective of this study is to examine how internal and external factors, such as leverage, liquidity, sales growth, and company size as internal variables, along with inflation and gross domestic product as external variables, impact the financial distress of property and real estate firms listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2020 and 2022. The sample, comprising 38 companies and 114 data points, was chosen through purposive sampling from secondary sources. Multiple linear regression tests were conducted using Eviews version 12 and Microsoft Excel. The findings indicate that internal factors only partially influence financial distress, and external factors have no significant impact on it. This underscores the necessity for companies to prioritize high-quality management practices to enhance their financial performance and ensure optimal business continuity.

FACTORS INFLUENCING NETFLIX PURCHASE INTENTION IN JAKARTA

2024-08-13T19:06:15+00:00

The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of service quality, trust, and e-payment on purchase intention for Netflix streaming services in Jakarta. The research design utilized is causal with a quantitative approach. The instrument for this research is a questionnaire in a Google form which is distributed via social media. The sample size was 180 respondents who were Netflix users in Jakarta. The sample selection technique in this research was carried out using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used SmartPLS software version 4.0. Data analysis consists of outer and inner models. The outer model includes validity and reliability tests, while the inner model includes R-square, Q-square, f-square test, GoF test, path analysis, and hypothesis tests. The outcomes about of this research appear that service quality, trust, and e-payment have a significant positive effect on purchase intention on the Netflix streaming service in Jakarta.

FACTORS AFFECTING FIRM VALUE ON TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES LISTED ON THE IDX

2024-08-13T17:37:41+00:00

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of profitability, liquidity, capital structure and company size on the value of companies with the transportation sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020-2022 period. Totals of 75 observational data originated from 25 transportation companies. The technique used in this study is purposive sampling. The hypothesis testing method in this research uses the multiple regression analysis testing was performed using IBM Statistic's SPSS 29 program. This research uses Tobin’s Q as a parameter to measure a firm value. For profitability uses Return on Asset (ROA) as a proxy, liquidity uses Current Ratio (CR) as a proxy, capital structure us Debt on Equity Ratio (DER), and Company Size uses Size as a proxy. Based on the outcome of the processed data, profitability has a significant positive effect on the value of the company, liquidity has a significant negative effect on the value of the company, capital structure has a significant negative effect on the value of the company and company size has a significant negative effect on the value of the company. This research is expected to help potential investor in making decisions to invest or not.

ANALYZING OF INVESTMENT DECISIONS IN THE SRI KEHATI INDEX

2024-08-13T17:53:35+00:00

This study aims to find out and analyze the influence of profitability, market growth and risk rate on investment decision. The research method used was purposive sampling with a total sample of 15 companies listed in SRI KEHATI Index. This study divided the years of observation into 3 periods observation, first period 2017-2019, second period 2020-2022, and the overall periode 2017-2022. The type of data was secondary data and was obtained from annual financial statements. Data analysis methods used are descriptive statistical tes, classical assumption analysis, partial test, simultaneous test, and test coefficient of determination. Based on the result of testing the hypothesis 2017-2019 period show that partially profitability has significant effect on investment decision, while market growth and risk rate have no significant effect on investment decision. For the second and overall period show that patially profitability, market growth and risk rate have no significant effect on investment decision. The results of the study are a consideration in understanding investment decisions related to sustainability issues, especially the Sri Kehati index.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONSUMERS' INTENTION TO PURCHASE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCTS

2024-08-13T18:10:22+00:00

This research aims to test Environmental Knowledge, Environmental Sensitivity, Subjective Norms, Attitude, and Perceived Behavior Control on West Jakarta Consumers' Green Purchase Intention. Then test Attitude as a mediator of Environmental Knowledge and Environmental Sensitivity towards Green Purchase Intention. The sample used in this research was around 160 respondents domiciled in West Jakarta who had the intention to buy environmentally friendly products and services. Data was obtained through an online questionnaire distributed via social media using non-probability sampling techniques and convenience sampling methods. Then the data collected will be processed using PLS-SEM assisted by SmartPLS version 3 software. The results obtained in this research indicate that a) Subjective Norms do not have a significant influence on Green Purchase Intention. b) Attitude has a significant influence on Green Purchase Intention. c) Perceived Behavior Control has a significant influence on Green Purchase Intention. d) Environmental Knowledge has a significant influence on Attitude. e) Environmental Sensitivity has a significant influence on Attitude. f) Environmental Knowledge has a significant influence on Green Purchase Intention through Attitude. g) Environmental Sensitivity has a significant influence on Green Purchase Intention through Attitude. This study contributes to the understanding of factors influencing green purchase intention among consumers in West Jakarta. Such as paying attention consumer subjective norms, consumer attitude in buying the green product, consumers behaviors on buying green product, and provide consumer with an understanding of environmental damage to maintain consumer green purchase intention.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND WORK MOTIVATION ON WORK READINESS OF FEB STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS TARUMANAGARA

2024-08-13T18:31:21+00:00

This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of internship experience, social support and work motivation on the work readiness of FEB Tarumanagara University students. This study is a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional method. The population in this study were all students of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Tarumanagara University. Sample selection was carried out using non-probability sampling method with purposive sampling sample selection technique. In this study, there are criteria for selecting samples such as having done an internship and being an active student at Tarumanagara University. The total sample in this study was 81 samples. From the data obtained, data processing will be carried out through SmartPLS software with the structural equation modeling (SEM) method of it. The result of the study shows through hypothesis testing that all the independent variable have a positive effect on Tarumanagara University students.

THE EFFECT OF FIRM SIZE, PROFITABILITY, LEVERAGE, SALES GROWTH AND CAPITAL INTENSITY ON TAX AVOIDANCE

2024-08-13T16:57:28+00:00

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Company Size, Profitability, Leverage, Sales Growth, Capital Intensity and Company Age on tax avoidance in non-cyclical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2020-2022 period. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling in the form of secondary data taken from www.idx.co.id or the company's official website. The number of samples in this study were 78 samples. The data analysis method used is descriptive statistics, classical assumption test, and multiple linear regression analysis using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) application. The results of the study show that firm size has a negative effect on tax avoidance. This research is expected to provide insights that influence the practice of tax avoidance in Indonesia.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL COST, FAMILY OWNERSHIP, CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FIRM VALUE

2024-08-13T18:45:46+00:00

In the time span of 2020-2022, this study aims to collect empirical evidence related to the influence of social costs of family ownership and capital structure on company valuation in the mining sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The sample consists of 30 data, selected by non-probability sampling method from companies that are continuously listed on the IDX during 2020 to 2022. Data processing is carried out using panel data techniques using Eviews 12 software. This study shows that social cost has a positive effect on firm value, family ownership has a positive and insignificant effect and capital structure has a negative and insignificant effect.

THE INFLUENCE OF WORK ENVIRONMENT, WORK MOTIVATION, AND COMPENSATION ON JOB SATISFACTION OF GENERATION Z IN JABODETABEK

2024-08-13T17:14:09+00:00

Currently the world of work is seeing a major transformation with the entry of Generation Z workers who have begun to enter the world of work. Generation Z itself has unique characteristics and is different from previous generations. Job satisfaction is of course one of the things that is very important for workers because job satisfaction will affect the performance of the worker. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of the work environment, work motivation, and compensation on Generation Z job satisfaction in Jabodetabek. The total samples obtained were 251 samples obtained using the non-probability sampling method, namely purposive sampling. The data that has been obtained is then processed using structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis which will be processed using SmartPLS software. The results of this study shows that work environment, work motivation, and compensation have a positive and significant effects on job satisfaction of Generation Z. The conclusion is that work environment, work motivation, and compensation all have an effect on Generation Z job satisfaction in Jabodetabek.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS MEDIATED BY ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN S1 MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF TARUMANAGARA UNIVERSITY

2024-08-13T18:59:20+00:00

This research was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial motivation, family support on entrepreneurial intention mediated by entrepreneurial education in Undergraduate Management Students at Tarumanagara University. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The author used 200 respondents as subjects in this study, all of whom were students of the management and business faculties for the 2019-2022 class year. The results of the data from this study were obtained from data collection which was distributed via Google form online. This study explains that: 1) Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy has a non-positive effect on Entrepreneurial Education, 2) Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy has a positive effect on Entrepreneurial Education, 3) Entrepreneurial Motivation has a positive effect on Entrepreneurial Intention, 4) Entrepreneurial Motivation has a positive influence on Entrepreneurial Education, 5) Family Support has a positive effect on Entrepreneurial Intention, 6) Family Support has a non-positive effect on Entrepreneurial Education, 7) Entrepreneurial Education has a positive effect on Entrepreneurial Intention, 8) Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy has a not positive effect and does not significant effect on Entrepreneurial Intention mediated by Entrepreneurial Education, 9) Entrepreneurial Motivation has a non-positive and not significant effect on Entrepreneurial Intention mediated by Entrepreneurial Education, 10) Family Support has a non-positive and not significant effect on Entrepreneurial Intention mediated by Entrepreneurial Education.

THE EFFECT OF INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP, FOREIGN OWNERSHIP, LEVERAGE AND AUDIT FIRM SIZE ON CSR DISCLOSURE

2024-08-13T17:32:02+00:00

This study empirically examines the effect of institutional ownership structure, foreign ownership structure, financial leverage and audit firm size from 2019-2021. The dependent variables used in this study are corporate social responsibility disclosure. This study uses quantitative research methods with secondary data obtained from the annual financial statements of basic material companies listed on the BEI. There are 138 data from 46 companies selected as research samples based on the purposive sampling method. The data processing in this study was tested using the Eviews 10. The results of the regression test showed that institutional ownership had a positive and significant effect on corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD), while foreign ownership, financial leverage and audit firm size had no effect on corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD).

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW INNOVATION MODEL AS A MEDIATING AND MODERATING VARIABLE IN MSMEs PERFORMANCE

2024-08-13T17:47:39+00:00

Systematic literature reviews that focus on research on innovation variables as moderating and mediating exogenous variables on the performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are still relatively rare. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence MSME performance which are mediated or moderated by innovation variables. This type of qualitative research uses the Systematic Literature Review method. Article data collection comes from the Google Scholar database. Based on the search results, 180 articles were obtained from 2015 to 2024. After selecting and adjusting them to the research objectives, 30 articles were obtained. The results of this research show that factors influencing MSME performance are mediated by innovation variables including business networks, competitor orientation, market orientation, learning orientation, marketing strategies, entrepreneurial characteristics, business capital, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial competencies, learning capital, learning capability, technology orientation , technological capability, transactional capability, innovation-oriented technology assimilation strategy, human resource information system, leadership, relational capability, knowledge management, relational capability, market orientation, administrative innovation strategy, customer orientation, market orientation, and HRM. Other findings also found that factors influencing MSME performance were moderated by innovation variables, including supply chain management practices, learning orientation, market orientation, total quality management, and social media adoption. Factors influencing innovation performance which are moderated by innovation variables include open innovation, social media strategic capability, and innovation culture. This research provides recommendations for MSME players to be able to utilize various innovation models or variables to further develop and have competitiveness. This research provides suggestions for future researchers in conducting SLR regarding MSME Innovation and Competitive Advantage by focusing on the Moderation model.

THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FIRM VALUE WITH PROFITABILITY AS VARIABLE MEDIATOR IN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES LISTED ON THE IDX

2024-08-13T18:03:56+00:00

This research discusses the influence of capital structure on firm value which is mediated by profitability in industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2020 to 2021. These variables include capital structure (as measured by debt to equity ratio [DER]), profitability (as measured by return on equity [ROE]), and firm value (as measured by price to book value [PBV]), Based on the purposive sampling strategy, 96 data from 32 companies were chosen as research samples. Verification analysis is used in this study, with data analysis techniques through conditional process analysis and used SPSS Process Macro Model 4 was used to process the data. The study showed that: capital structure affects profitability, Capital structure affects firm value, Profitability affects firm value, and Profitability mediates the effect of Capital Structure on Firm Value.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: EXPLORATION OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE INNOVATION PERFORMANCE AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY PERFORMANCE

2024-08-13T18:21:21+00:00

This research literature review that reviews the literature on the factors that influence innovation variables has been a lot, but those that review innovation performance variables are relatively still not much. Therefore, the literature review in this study aims to investigate the factors that affect innovation performance in manufacturing companies, as well as factors that act as mediation and moderation. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method is used in this study to analyze and review or look back at findings that are systematically identified based on previous research evidence related to factors that affect the innovation performance of manufacturing companies. Research data was obtained from Google Scholar with a time span of 2015-2023. Findings on journal searches found 304 articles. Based on the search for articles that discuss and focus on factors that affect the specific innovation performance of manufacturing companies, 25 articles were found. The article is used as a data source and will be examined in more depth. The results of the research found that (1) Various factors affect innovation performance in manufacturing companies; (2) Several factors can mediate and moderate exogenous (independent) variables on the innovation performance of manufacturing companies; and (3) Various theories have been used in research on the innovation performance of manufacturing companies. Therefore, manufacturing companies can use the above variables as factors that can be used to improve innovation performance to increase productivity, effectiveness, and can drive growth for manufacturing companies. These findings can be used as reference material for further research on variables that are able to mediate and moderate the relationship between exogenous variables on innovation performance in manufacturing companies and the theory used.

FORECASTING THE IMPACT OF CARBON TAX ON EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN VIET NAM

2024-08-13T16:47:24+00:00

Carbon taxes have been proposed or applied in many countries and regions around the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In this paper, the author uses the Stretton model to estimate the impact of a carbon tax in the implementation of the goal of reducing net emissions to 0% by 2050. The results show that the Carbon tax has a positive impact in helping Vietnam reduce greenhouse gas emissions, specifically with scenario 1, the Carbon tax helps reduce CO2 by 9.728% by 2030 and up to 20.28% in 2050 compared to the BAU scenario; with the scenario 2, the emissions will be reduced by 15.619% in 2030 and 20.67% in 2050 compared to the BAU scenario, however, if the tax increase on coal is equal to the tax rate on natural gas, the emission reduction will be 33.206% in 2050. From the research results, the authors also propose a number of recommendations and solutions to help Vietnam successfully apply a Carbon tax to reduce emissions towards the net emission target of equal to 0 by 2050 as committed at the COP 26 in 2021.

THE ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND JOB SATISFACTION ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

2024-08-13T18:40:40+00:00

Organizational citizenship behavior is a voluntary, selfless act carried out by an employee outside of his work responsibilities as a form of contribution that can increase the effectiveness of the company. The formation of organizational citizenship behavior can be influenced by various factors, such as self-efficacy, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of self-efficacy, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior. The sampling technique in this study used a non-probability sampling method. The sample of this study were all employees at PT XYZ which is engaged in food and beverages and has 36 members. The data collection technique used a questionnaire. The results showed that self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, and job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee organizational citizenship behavior. Companies can improve organizational citizenship behavior through providing intensive training so that employees can master more efficient work methods and can develop skills relevant to work. This can increase the self-efficacy of its employees in carrying out their work. This is expected to increase organizational citizenship behavior.

DETERMINANTS OF BANKING BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION DURING THE COVID -19 PERIOD

2024-08-13T17:07:50+00:00

The purpose of this research is to obtain empirical evidence about the effects of intellectual capital measured by human capital efficiency (HCE), structured capital efficiency (SCE), and capital employed efficiency (CEE) on financial performance in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020-2022 period. This research uses 46 samples and 138 data from banking companies selected by the purposive sampling method. Data processing techniques uses multiple linear regression and processed using Eviews version 12. The result of this research indicates that HCE has a negative and significant effect on financial performance, SCE has a negative and significant effect on financial performance, CEE has a positive and significant effect on financial performance.

THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF STARTUP EMPLOYEES IN INFLUENCING PERSON-ENVIRONMENT FIT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR WORK ENGAGEMENT: ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY INSIGHTS

2024-08-13T18:53:51+00:00

Startup companies are consistently required to innovate their business models creatively in order to achieve a disruptive business model. The high level of creativity sets the startup position apart significantly from traditional ventures. Effective human resource management strategies are a fundamental element necessary for the growth of a startup. Startup companies often encounter challenges related to the demands for creativity in their work, resulting in a work engagement that presents a significant challenge for their employees. In practice, the need for creativity in the workplace often leads to a work engagement filled with challenges for its employees. This is closely associated with the appropriate personality traits of employees in the work environment, ensuring that the existing employees have a person-environment fit. This research aims to investigate the influence of personality traits of startup employees on person-environment fit, and its implications for work engagement. This research involved 341 respondents who are startup company Gojek Indonesia employees. The sampling method was conducted using simple random sampling. The confirmatory testing of this study was performed using SEM-PLS (structural equation modeling-partial least square). The analysis results indicate that the personality of startup employees, measured by self-admiration, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, digital intelligence quotient, optimism, ambiguity tolerance, and flexibility, plays a significant role in influencing person-environment fit and significantly impacts changes in work engagement at Gojek. The suggested managerial implication is the selection of employees with appropriate personality traits, which will create a person-environment fit and consequently lead to high work engagement. This will enhance the opportunities for startups to increase their productivity, particularly in terms of creating creative and innovative products, thereby fostering disruption in the company's business environment.

FACTORS AFFECTING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES

2024-08-13T17:24:37+00:00

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of independent variables of leverage (as measured by debt to equity ratio [DER]), firm size (as measured by natural logarithm of total assets), and liquidity (as measured by current ratio [CR]) on financial performance (as measured by return on equity [ROE]). The sample in this study was selected using purposive sampling which resulted in 10 technology companies from 21 technology companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020-2022 period were used as research objects. This study uses a panel data regression model with a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach using Eviews version 12 program. Based on the analysis, the results of this study show that firm size has a positive and significant effect on financial performance, while leverage and liquidity have a positive and insignificant effect on financial performance.

THE EFFECT OF FIRM SIZE, LEVERAGE, PROFITABILITY, LIQUIDITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY ON FIRM VALUE ON NON-CYCLICAL CONSUMER SECTOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE IN 2019-2022

2024-08-13T17:40:45+00:00

This research was aimed with obtaining empirical evidence regarding the significant influence of the independent variables, namely company size (total assets), Leverage (DER), Profitability (ROE), Liquidity (CR) and Dividend Policy (DPR) and the dependent variable used namely Company Value (PBV). The population used in this research are companies with non-cyclical consumer sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2019 - 2022. This research uses quantitative descriptive research methods to test hypotheses. The sample selection technique used in this research was purposive sampling, where the sample obtained was 19 companies. The data used is secondary data processed using the SPSS version 27 program. The results of this research show that Leverage, Profitability, and dividend policy have a significant positive effect on company value, while company size and liquidity have no effect on company value.

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR IN THE HEALTH INDUSTRY ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE BEFORE AND DURING THE PANDEMIC

2024-08-13T17:56:54+00:00

The effect following the Corona virus pandemic on the global economy was very large with the International Monetary Fund estimating a contraction of the global economy of 4.4% in 2020 which would result in a very large recession after the second world war. With this continuation, Indonesia's economic growth contracted by 2.07% in 2020 and is expected to improve gradually in 2021. The level of profitability can be determined by analyzing financial reports which are defined as a means of systematically conveying financial position and performance which is composed of a corporate whose aim is to receive notifications in the form of useful information for stakeholders to make decisions related to the economy. The purpose of this research is to determine the financial performance analysis before and during the Corona virus pandemic in healthcare companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2021. The method used in this research is purposive sampling, and with this method, 17 companies that meet the specified criteria were identified. As a result, 68 data points were obtained as the research sample. Then, this study employs the paired sample t-test method to analyze the data. The research findings indicate differences in profitability and activity before and during the Corona virus pandemic, while liquidity and leverage remain unchanged.

THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY, LEVERAGE, AND FIRM SIZE ON FIRM VALUE OF THE BANKING SECTOR LISTED ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

2024-08-13T18:13:24+00:00

This research was conducted to empirically test the effect of profitability (ROA), leverage (DAR), and firm size as independent variables on firm value (PBV) as the dependent variable in banking sector companies listed on the IDX in the 2018–2021 period. The technique used in selecting samples in this research was purposive sampling, with a total sample size of 30 companies. The number of observations in this research was 120, with a sample of 30 companies per year for four years. The data in this research was also managed using Microsoft Excell 2021, and data processing was done using IBM SPSS version 25 software. The results show that profitability (ROA) has a positive and significant effect on firm value, leverage (DAR) has a positive and significant effect on firm value, and firm size also has a positive and significant effect on company value.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING AT SHOPEE AMONG GENERATION Z

2024-08-13T16:24:36+00:00

This research aims to examine the influence of relative advantage and E-WOM on trust and attitude towards online shopping, as well as examining the influence of trust on attitude towards online shopping. Then this research also aims to empirically test trust as a mediator of the relative advantage and E-WOM variables on attitude towards online shopping. The sample in this study was collected using a non-probability sampling technique and using a purposive sampling method. The data in this research was collected using a questionnaire distributed online via Google Form. The total sample in this study was 174 respondents who were Generation z Shopee consumers in Jakarta, had written reviews on Shopee product pages, and had shopped at Shopee at least three times within one month. The data that was collected was then processed using PLS-SEM with the help of SmartPLS version 3 software. The results of this research show that relative advantage and E-WOM have a positive and significant influence on trust. Likewise, the variables relative advantage, E-WOM, and trust have a positive and significant influence on attitude towards online shopping. In addition, the trust variable was found to be able to mediate relative advantage and E-WOM on attitude towards online shopping. The implication of this research is that Shopee understands appropriate actions to encourage positive attitude towards online shopping activities, such asguarantee the quality of its products and services and also Shopee need to be able to guarantee the security of its users data, both personal data and financial data.

FACTORS AFFECTING COMPANY VALUE WITH CSR AS A MODERATING VARIABLE IN ENERGY SECTOR COMPANIES

2024-08-13T18:34:49+00:00

This study’s research targeted to determine how profitability, leverage, and liquidity affected a company’s value while using Corporate Social Responsibility as a moderating variable. The 17 energy sector companies used in this study serve as examples for the years 2021-2022. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis with the SPSS program for hypothesis testing. This study concludes that while profitability and leverage have a significant positive effect on a company’s value, liquidity does not affect that value. However, Corporate Social Responsibility disclosure can moderate the impact of leverage and profitability on a company’s value.

INFLUENCE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL KNOWLEDGE AND SELF-EFFICACY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF FAMILY ENVIRONMENT

2024-08-13T18:48:26+00:00

Entrepreneurship is considered an effective solution to address employment issues and potential to stimulate economic growth. This research aims to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial knowledge and family environment on entrepreneurial intention among university students in West Jakarta, mediated by self-efficacy. The research methodology employed is descriptive quantitative, utilizing non-probability sampling and purposive sampling techniques. The sample consists of 196 students from West Jakarta universities. The results indicate that entrepreneurial knowledge has a positive and significant impact on entrepreneurial intention and students' self-efficacy. Meanwhile, the family environment does not directly affect entrepreneurial intention but has a significant influence on self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is proven to mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial knowledge and family environment with entrepreneurial intention. The contribution of this research is expected to increase the role of universities in providing theoretical and practical knowledge about entrepreneurship and the importance of support from the family environment to motivate entrepreneurship.

DETERMINANTS OF REPURCHASE INTENTIONS THROUGH CUSTOMER TRUST ON BRAND X’S WEBSITE

2024-08-13T17:17:29+00:00

This research was conducted to determine the direct and indirect influence of web design quality and service quality on repurchase intentions, through trust in brand X’s website in Jakarta. This study was conducted by distributing questionnaires. The sample used in this study was 100 respondents in Jakarta who had purchased products on the brand X’s website. This study used a non-probability sampling with purposive sampling techniques. Data is processed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) software. The result of this study shows that web design quality can affect trust, yet it cannot affect repurchase intentions directly. Furthermore, service quality can affect trust and repurchase intentions directly. Then trust can influence repurchase intentions. Web design quality can influence repurchase intentions indirectly through trust, however service quality cannot influence repurchase intentions through trust. The benefit of this research is to encourage e-commerce companies to pay more attention to their web design and service quality, as this can increase customers' desire to make repurchases.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF E-FILING MODERATED WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MASTERY

2024-08-13T19:03:09+00:00

The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence whether the influence of perception of use, perception of convenience, and security and confidentiality on the interest of individual taxpayers in using E-filing with mastery of information technology as a moderating variable. The data used in this study is primary data through a questionnaire in the form of google which is distributed to individual taxpayers who have filled out and reported online taxes in Jakarta. Data processing is using SmartPLS 3. The results of the study prove that before moderation, the variables perception of usefulness, convenience, security and confidentiality have a significant influence on the use of e_filling. Moderation is carried out so that the perceptual variables that are useful for, security and confidentiality still provide significant results, while the variables after turning become insignificant, Perceptions of the usefulness, progress, security, and confidentiality of individual taxpayers have no effect on the interest in using E-filing which is moderated by mastery of technology. information, this means that mastery of information technology is not able to moderate perceptions of usefulness, timeliness, security, and confidentiality.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM, RESTAURANT, HOTEL COMPANIES: PRE- PANDEMIC AND COVID-19PANDEMIC PERIOD

2024-08-13T17:34:53+00:00

This research aims to evaluate the differences in the financial condition of companies in the hotel, restaurant and tourism sub-sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the pre-pandemic period (2018-2019) and in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021). Using three financial indicators (liquidity, profitability, and solvency), the research involved 120 samples from 10 companies using purposive sampling. Through a quantitative approach and data analysis using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 26 with paired sample t-test, the research findings indicate variability in financial performance, measured through the Current Ratio (CR), Return on Assets (ROA), and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), between the pre-pandemic and Covid-19 pandemic periods. The implication is to provide in-depth understanding and crucial insights for business practitioners and stakeholders in maintaining the corporatefinances through financial ratio analysis, especially in facing unpredictable economic dynamics.

THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, JOB STRESS AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT (STUDY ON HOSPITAL EMPLOYEES IN SOUTH JAKARTA)

2024-08-13T17:51:00+00:00

Productivity is something that companies always want to improve, including hospitals. Employees become assets and driving forces to achieve company goals. This research examines the influence of transformational leadership, work stress and the work environment on organizational commitment among hospital employees in South Jakarta. This research collected data from 130 respondents who were hospital employees in the South Jakarta area who were still working. This research is quantitative research with a non-probability-purposive sampling method and processed using partial least squares. The collected data was processed using SPSS version 28. The research results showed that transformational leadership and work stress had no effect on organizational commitment and the work environment had an effect on organizational commitment. Then transformational leadership, work environment, and work stress together influence organizational commitment. The managerial implications of this research suggest that hospital management can manage a conducive and supportive work environment as well as sufficient time and workload so that employees become more comfortable at work.

FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENT’S INTEREST IN BECOMING PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS: CASE OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN BOGOR

2024-08-13T18:07:22+00:00

The increasing demand for graduate accounting students majoring in accounting cannot match Indonesia's high demand for public accountants. The profession of accountant is supposed to be one that offers a good prospect of employment because of its high demand. However, the exam to become a certified public accountant is quite difficult, and there are many career options to become an accountant in different fields. A wide job market with severe competition, among other factors, can push students to seek a career as an accountant. Thus, this study aims to look at the extent to which any factor can influence accounting students, in particular students of the private university in Bogor, in their careers as public accountants. Factors studied in this study include social environment, career motivation, and financial reward. The research population is the total number of active students at the private university in Bogor by 2023. The samples obtained are 166 active private university students in Bogor for 2021 and 2022. Data processing in this study uses the PLS-SEM method, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The findings of this study demonstrate how the social environment, career motivation, and financial rewards affect students’ intentions when choosing careers as accountants. The implication of this research is that students should have a deep understanding of a career as a public accountant for the future of their career and the sustainability of this profession.

THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES, DEBT POLICY, AND SOLVENCY ON COMPANY VALUE

2024-08-13T18:28:18+00:00

This study aims to prove the influence of growth opportunity, debt policy, and solvency on company value in basic industrial and chemical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2021. A total of 27 selected samples with a total of 81 observations over three years were used in the research. This. Research data is secondary data extracted from company annual financial reports that have been audited and published. Panel data was processed with the help of Eviews version 12 software. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression. The testing stages include the classic assumption test consisting of multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity tests, then selecting the most appropriate regression model using the Chow test, Hausman test and Lagrange Multiplier test. Research hypothesis testing was carried out by a t-test and coefficient of determination test. The results of the analysis show that growth opportunity partially has a negative effect on company value, debt policy has an insignificant positive effect on company value, and solvency has a significant positive effect on the value of basic industrial and chemical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2019-2021 period.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SHARES PRICE

2024-08-13T16:50:45+00:00

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Earnings per Share (EPS) as a moderating variable on the stock price of real estate businesses listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in relation to Liquidity, Profitability, and Solvency. Purposive sampling was employed in the sample selection process, and 48 data points from 16 property firm samples were used to represent the population for this study, which covered the years 2019–2021. In this study, a descriptive research design was employed. By examining relationships with other factors rather than directly comparing the variables, this descriptive study aimed to explain the presence of one or more variables. Eviews version 11 was used for data analysis in this study, whereas Microsoft Excel 2010 was employed for data processing.. This study used a random sample selection technique, namely purposive sampling. This activity was carried out from March to July 2023.

PROVINCIAL-LEVEL DETERMINANTS OF ENERGY INTENSITY: THE INTERPLAY OF ENVIRONMENT GOVERNANCE INDEX, FIRM CHARACTERISTICS, AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

2024-08-13T18:42:40+00:00

Vietnam's rapid economic growth has raised concerns about energy consumption. This study investigates factors influencing enterprise energy use by analyzing data from 2018 to 2020. It examines how provincial environmental policies, economic factors, and business characteristics affect energy intensity. The research reveals that strong environmental regulations decrease energy use, but effectiveness varies regionally. Surprisingly, economic activity and a larger workforce are linked to lower energy intensity, potentially reflecting Vietnam's green initiatives and service sector development. Additionally, larger firms and those less reliant on machinery use less energy, while businesses with a bigger labor force consume more. These findings suggest that Vietnam's path to energy efficiency requires a nuanced approach considering both regional policy implementation and the country's unique development trajectory.

PERCEIVED ENJOYMENT, PERCEIVED RISK, AND SCARCITY MESSAGE ON IMPULSIVE BUYING IN LIVE SHOPPING IN E-COMMERCE

2024-08-13T17:10:55+00:00

ABSTRACT

Live shopping has gained significant traction as the e-commerce sector continues to advance, incorporating interactive and real-time features to improve the online shopping experience. This research investigates the impact of perceived enjoyment, perceived risk, and scarcity messages on impulsive buying behavior within live shopping e-commerce. The study employs a descriptive analysis approach with a quantitative methodology. Convenience sampling was utilized to select participants based on predetermined criteria. Data were collected via an online questionnaire using a 1-7 points Likert scale, encompassing 20 indicators. A total of 250 respondents in Jabodetabek who had engaged in impulsive purchases during live shopping participated in the study. The data were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that perceived enjoyment, perceived risk, and scarcity messages have a significant and positive effect on impulsive buying in live shopping environments. These findings provide valuable insights into consumer behavior in live shopping settings, offering strategic implications for enhancing the e-commerce live shopping experience. Moreover, the study suggests directions for future research to further explore these factors in online shopping behavior.

LOCAL FASHION PURCHASE INTENTION: THE ROLE OF ATTRACTIVENESS, TRUSTWORTHINESS AND EXPERTISE OF INFLUENCERS

2024-08-13T18:56:36+00:00

Product marketing activities through social media influencers are a marketing program that is being widely used, based on statistical data released by Statista in September 2023, showing that the market share of Influencer Marketing globally has increased quite rapidly from 2016-2023. This research aimed to test the influence of attractiveness, trustworthiness, and expertise as the credibility of social media influencers and its impact on the purchase intention of local fashion brand. The sample for this research was collected through a questionnaire distributed on online applications such as Instagram, Line, and Whatsapp, using both purposive sampling and non-probability sampling techniques. The collected sample comprised 238 valid respondents who met the criteria of being local fashion brand consumers and following or having at least seen influencer marketing local fashion brand products on social media, including Bella Clarissa @bellacrls_, Sashfir @sashfir_, Shavira Wangsamulia @shav_ira, Melle @mellexmicheline, Laura Siburian @laurasiburian, and Kezia Aletheia @keziaaletheia. The data obtained were then processed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method via the SMART-PLS 4.0 application. The research result indicates that trustworthiness and expertise have positive and significant influence on purchase intention of local fashion brand. In contrast, attractiveness has a positive and insignificant effect on local fashion brand purchase intention.